Development of the Administrative Structure

Development of the Administrative Structure 1 PHASE 1 (1789- 1883) THE FORMATIVE ERA 1.1 Introduction Although Public Administration as a separate academic field was only developed in the early 20th century it is important to study the early history of the field as it gives important insights into the complex governance structure that is currently in existence within the nation. The[b1] first phase began with the setting up of the new government under a new constitution by George Washington in 1789, takes a significant change in approach post the election of President Andrew Jackson which gave rise to the spoils system and finally ends with the implementation of the Pendleton Act which marked an end to the spoils system. The major factors that influenced the creation of an administrative structure during this time period and the reasons why they was modified afterwards will be presented in this section. 1.2 Major Factors The major factors that influenced the evolution of public administration during the first phase presented chronologically are as follows: 1.2.1 Government under the U.S Constitution The United State Constitution was drafted in 1787 and the new government had its first session in 1789 under President George Washington. While the period during the drafting of the constitution involved the sorting and testing of the American heritage of political ideas and experience, the period between 1789 to 1800 was one of selective synthesis of political concepts, and the establishment of a federal system of administration during the presidency of Washington and Adams (Caldwell,1976). The role of public administration during the early formative years was seen primarily as to facilitate in institutionalizing freedom. The government during this phase was largely concerned with coming up with a working system that could factor in the complex relations that existed between the states the centre and provide unique identity to the government 1.2.2 Expansion of Federal Powers under Hamilton The first major changes in the administrative structure of the newly formed state came with the changes brought in by Alexander Hamilton as the secretary of the treasury. During this period, Hamilton introduced several bills through his reports that lead to the federal government assuming state debts, creation of a national bank and tariffs on select trade operations. In just 10 years Hamilton put in place an administrative infrastructure that set the young nation on course for becoming an opulent commercial power (Green, 2002). These advancements by the federal government gave significant power to itself over the states and thus increased its responsibilities as well. The role of the federal government changed significantly after this step, as it moved from the state of being a facilitator to that of a manager of public affairs. The role of Hamilton in deciding the path to be taken by America in becoming an International power was based on supporting a strong national government as a more effective protector of rights and as a greater stimulant to prosperity than the states which would otherwise remain as a force majeure. His contributions to public administration in America according to Green (2002) can be mainly classified among four major categories: politics, organization design, ethics and law. Politics: Hamilton believed that public administration must conform its operations with the political character and principles of its people/society. He was the first person to envision the complex relation that public administration would hold with politics and believed that all three branches (Executive, Legislative and the Judiciary) would be involved with neither monopolizing or being subordinate to the other Organizational Design: Hamilton wanted a strong government that possessed competency and power, particularly considering the failure of the Articles of Confederation. For that to take effect Hamilton envisioned a partial agency concept which allowed separation of powers and also fostered dependency. Ethics :Hamilton was also one of the first persons to identify the role, ethics is to play in public administration. He understood that public administration officials might be influenced significantly and hence wanted to enhance their ethical standards by using external and internal measures like public status, sufficient pay, belief that future generations will view their achievements etc. Legal : Hamilton being one of the founding fathers involved in the writing of the constitution had in depth knowledge of its powers and limitations. He used the necessary and proper clause to create and muster support for his financial and welfare schemes. 1.2.3 Rise of Jefferson and Republicans Thomas Jefferson was ideologically polar opposite of Hamilton and preferred a Laissez-faire approach by the government. Under Washington and Adams Hamilton was setting up the road map towards the creation of America which would posses an integrated balanced economy requiring the simulation of finance and manufacturing and implying a degree of centralized administrative control over the national economy. Jefferson despised this ideology as he had seen first hand the evils of centralization, bureaucracy and public indebtedness during his travels to France as minister to the court. Jefferson wished to keep the American Common Wealth a union as to foreign affairs but decentralized as to domestic affairs. Jefferson became the voice of the people who were against Hamilton and his aggressive federalist ideologics. Jefferson was successful in maneuvering this opposition to Hamilton to finally win the presidency which lead to a significant alternation in the direction America was progressing in for a very long time. Jefferson believed in a wise and frugal government which shall restrain men from harming each other and shall otherwise leave them free to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement. The Ideological differences of Hamilton and Jefferson can also be attributed to what they felt constituted America. Hamilton look at America as a growing county that had a huge potential, if it embraced the federalist approach whereas Jefferson viewed America as the people it constituted and wanted to focus more their growth and prosperity. Although Jefferson is considered as one of the finest presidents of America , he is largely remembered for what he said than what he did during his presidency. The major contribution of Jefferson to growth of Public Administration are the set of principles he had developed. They represented to him the rules by which wise administrative action should be guided. They were : Harmony , Frugality Simplicity , Providing for Change, responsibility and decentralization. His role at the top of the executive body made him realize the need for educated and competent leaders in the highest offices. He was also one of the first person who attempted to divide the politics from the administration, although it was done only in the case of federalist appointees. The government of America and its executive body took a 180 degree turn from the Hamiltonian approach, under Jefferson and stayed so until the late 19th century. Another important aspect related to his presidency was his belief int he educat ion system. He believed that education was clearly the responsibility of the government. Jeffersons presidency highlighted the major dilemmas that presidents have to encounter for centuries afterwards. He did not prefer taxation of the general public but had to execute it, he wished for greater local control but at the same time was vary of growing state and local powers. 1.2.4 Populist Approaches and the Rise of Spoils System President Andrew Jackson was the seventh president of the United States of America. His rise to power signaled the rise of the populist democracy and more importantly the spoils system. Under this system the federal government jobs were given to its supporters of the ruling party as a reward for working for it as opposed to a merit system. Jackson’s rise to power signaled numerous ever lasting changes in America. The change in the voting electorate from white men who possessed property to all the white men brought everlasting changes to the democratic structure of America. This eventually lead to the populist movements which meant policies that had more public support were implemented most of the times. The growth of the voter electorate made the process of winning the election process all the more difficult, the parties started to implement the spoils system as an incentive for its party members to work it. The spoils systems had one of the biggest negative impacts on the pro gress of America as it lead to the drain of qualified personnel from administrative positions. The new emphasis on loyalty rather than competence had a long term negative effect on the efficiency and effectiveness of the federal government 1.2.5 Role of the Judiciary The expansion of the powers at the federal level and the varying political stands of the states lead to conflicting situations within the government particularly at the executive and legislative levels. The supreme court passed several land mark judgments in the formative years in cases like the Marbury Vs Madison , Fletcher Vs Peck and Gibbons Vs Ogden using its judicial review powers. These judgments particularly demarcated the boundaries between the executive and the judicial branches and also clearly specified the limitations of the legislatures and the executive branches. The rise of the supreme court and its use of the judicial review powers along with the necessary and proper clause of the congress, helped in acting as checks on the powers imbibed with public administration to the legislature and the executive. The dominance of the judiciary by the federalists, particularly after the might night appointees further polarized the differences in ideologies of the Hamiltonians an d the Jeffersonians and established the important role of the judiciary in public administration. 1.2.6 Changing mood of the Nation America as envisioned by its founding fathers consisted of people who had historically a rights oriented and individualistic culture. This unique point of view of things of Americans was and is, even now one of the major factors influencing its policies and administration. Even the constitution as written by the founding fathers, attempts to be a limiter on the power of the government rather than limit the powers of its citizens. In its early formative years voting rights belonged largely to the aristocrats who were fairly educated. The government until 1829 embraced the Hamiltonian approach and promoted expansion and promotion of the private sector to boost the economy. This decision particularly was comfortable from the elite stand point of view as it helped boost their businesses. But as the awareness and educative levels of the citizens increased gradually, the relative interest of politics within the citizens increased and lead to a situation where in a majority of the voters we re not aristocrats. This change in voting rights and political awareness was influential in creation of populist electorates that eventually lead to the creation of the spoils system. The role of Religion in early America as a social binder was also very crucial in steering the ideological stand of the Americans. 1.3 Role of Presidents The constitution of The United States of America grants its president the power over the executive branch. The unique division of power between the executive, the legislative and the judiciary is what makes the American democracy and administrative structure unique. The necessary and proper clause of the constitution grants the president and his executive office unique privileges and has lead to everlasting impact on the administrative structure of the country. Hamilton himself under president Washington made ample use of the ambiguity in the constitution to propagate a strong centralized federal structure. All the presidents in the formative era except John Quincy Adams were founding fathers and in being so had intent and purpose towards the growth of the nation. Under President Washington, Hamilton envisioned and created a strong federal executive body. He continued the same even under President John Adams and lead to the federal governments increasing hold over the states. Under i ts first two presidents, the American government witnessed a massive boost to the federal and state level executive structures. The American presidents office saw numerous changes under the subsequent presidents of the formative era , but were largely not influential on the administrative structure of the state. The mid night appointees under President Adams lead to politicizing of the judicial and the executive wings also and further increased the powers of the presidency. This period particularly saw the rise of corruption and bargains systems within the administrative structures.

Dying to Babysit :: Creative Writing Essays

Dying to Babysit      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It all began one day when I was over my friend Susan's house.   Her parents had just left for vacation to Texas, leaving her home by herself.   I was allowed to stay that weekend while her parents were away.   Susan and I were sitting down eating when she got a call from the house where a new family just moved into.   The Smith's had asked her to babysit for them.   They said it was all right if I came too.   They wanted us to come over about six that evening.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When we got over there Mrs. Smith introduced her two year old daughter named Julie to us.   Mr. and Mrs. Smith didn't leave right away because they wanted Julie to get to know us better.   Mrs. Smith told Susan and I that Julie could stay up until 8:00 P.M.. She also told us she had been having problems with her telephone.   There must have been something wrong with the connection because when it rang there would be no one on the other end.   Someone was coming tomorrow to take a look at it.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mr. and Mrs. Smith informed us that they would be a little late coming home because it was their anniversary and they had a long night planned.   We told them to have a nice time and they both grabbed their coats and left.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Julie started crying just as they closed the door. We gave her a bottle and put her down to watch some TV.   Then the phone rang and Susan and I looked at each other, seeing who was going to answer it.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I answered the phone but no one was there.   I said hello again, but still no answer. All I could hear was someone breathing heavily.   It was loud, gasping, and very frightening.   I said hello again and   heard a faint, masculine voice.   As I began to tremble, the voice   whispered, "I'm coming."      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All of a sudden the lights went out.   Susan, Julie and I let out a loud shriek.   I ran over to Susan and Julie and hid my head.   Susan started laughing and told me it was probably because of the storm outside.   We both looked out the window when a bolt of lighting struck across the sky.   Julie began to cry and we comforted her and told her it would be all right.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Susan was going to go down into the basement to find the fuse box so she could turn the lights back on.   It was time for Julie to go to bed so I grabbed

Corruption of Society Essay

First of all, technologie corrupts society because it does our thinking and increases health problems. According to a New York Times article, the average kid ages 8-18, spends over 7 ? hours a day using technology gadgets which increases the obesity rate, poor grades, impatience, violence and a loss of family interest. Also, cell phones and texting leads to texting and driving which is almost as worse as drinking and driving. You can hurt yourself or people around you while texting and driving. Are generation can’t live without a cell phone, texting or sending emails and this leads to a lack of communication. When somebody can only express their feeling in a text message or an email they are not learning how to communicate with others. Did you also know that technology not only affects our health but it affects our environment too? For example, a normal computer chip takes 600 times its weight in fuel to produce? Bullying has a huge impact on our society! Peer pressure especially because you are forced to do things you don’t want to, you get bad habits and it leads to loss of individual. When somebody is bullied mentally or physically they have depression, anxiety, loss of interest in activities, school and family, shame, fear and low self-esteem. All these side effects of bullying lead’s to suicide. According to the website ‘DoSomething. org’, Approximately 160,000 teens skip school every day because of bullying! Media can also be a cause of corruption of society because if you look at magazines, ads or watch television, commercial or news, beauty is often the subject. People and especially teenagers are influenced by Medias. All girls look at magazines or whatsoever and wishes to look like people on TV or magazines. Thin slim bodies, perfect face, etc. What teenagers don’t realized is that those people are edited by computers from head to toe. Over 5 million American’s have eating disorders caused by false concept of beauty. Another reason why Medias corrupts our society is because of money. In magazines and ads or television it’s all about buying things to have a better life!

Ethical Concerns of GPS System essays

Ethical Concerns of GPS System essays We all have heard of the Global Positioning Systems and the many ways it maybe helpful to everyday life. Although GPS is helpful, there are many complaints and issues that are brought to everyones attention in how it may be a downbeat. A concern, I feel, is the reliability of the GPS system. We all already know that technology has its effect of making everything in life so much easier, therefore it make us all a little lazier. But with this GPS system, I think the problem occurs when it takes away your ability to know on your own than to always have to rely on a device. It is like stealing away your knowledge and capabilities, or even taking away from the thought of having to learn on your own. I can recognize that with that issue, it can have an effect on cultural values. The reason why I state that is because in a lot of different cultures, mainly out of the states, I know that their own knowledge of navigation is a very resourceful value. Because of that, they are look upon as guides or someone that may be worthy and with this device they may be not as valuable anymore. Another major concern is that people are not comfortable with the thought of being tracked everywhere you go. [The CPSR Newsletter. Safety, Security and Surveillance] Invasion of privacy is the issue. With the use of surveillance cameras and GPS technology, public places are turned into systems where we are constantly being watched, to monitor your behavior and everything you do. I understand that the reason behind it is to provide safety and security, but it may be an uncomfortable thing to most. Personally, I have been in situations where I may just be shopping, minding my own business and I can feel someone following me to assure that I do not shoplift their products. A lot of people feel that way with just the thought of being able to be tracked or the sense of being monitored. So I can definitely relate to this compl ...

Integrated Marketing Communication Example

Integrated Marketing Communication Example Integrated Marketing Communication – Article Example Integrated Marketing Communication al Affiliation Integrated Marketing Communication Does the uncertainty over social mediamarketing reflect the expectations of returns for companies or does it show lack of belief in social media?Uncertainty over social media marketing reflects the expectations of companies on return on investment in the sense that when a company invests in social marketing, the management expects that such a move will help the company improve sales by attracting more customers and expanding its market base. Therefore, uncertainty touches on issues such as how much budget and effort to invest on social media and the type of social media to concentrate on (Weinberg & Pehlivan, 2011).Do all types of social media yield similar returns in terms of marketing? If not, what differentiates them and is it important for companies to consider this in social marketing?Not all types of social media yield similar returns in terms of marketing. Different types of social media have different purposes and ways in which customers respond to their use. Technologically, social media platforms differ and so do the rules of use and functionality for example tweeting in twitter can be no more than 10 characters. This means that there is difference with respect to how people use these applications. Therefore, companies must understand how to use blogs, such as wordpress, communities such as HP, Micro-blogs such as twitter and social networks such as facebook because of their different functions. Blogs builds brands and convey product knowledge, communities establish and maintain relations, Micro-Blogs create awareness and recall while social networks influence and track attitudes and beliefs. Therefore, when conducting social marketing, companies must understand the type that best responds to what is being marketed (Weinberg & Pehlivan, 2011).Why do organizations use different approaches to social media marketing?Organizations use three different approaches to social media marketing namely traditional approach, experimental and experimental-discovery approach. The reasons as to why organizations use the three different approaches is because of four different reasons that include marketing plan, marketing budget, marketing channels and consumer issues. A marketing plan that an organization has could not fit into a particular approach. Similarly, marketing channels and budget that an organization has determines the kind of social media or approach to be used. The type of consumers in terms of aspects such as age and environment also determine the approach to be used in social media marketing (Weinberg & Pehlivan, 2011).ReferenceWeinberg, B. D., & Pehlivan, E. (2011). Social spending: Managing the social media mix. Business Horizons, 54(3), 275-282.

Movie Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Movie Review - Essay Example At the immigration desk, he meets an officer whom they converse. Ibrahim tells him of miseries he has underwent to get there and the officer stamp Ibrahim papers and reveal to him he has arrived in a nice city. This was on the tenth September 2001 a day before attacks happens. The Citizen is based on true story of what happened in the 9/11 to Arabs and Arab Americans immigrants. This movie tells of a story of being the wrong person in the wrong place and time. Although Ibrahim makes it through he had undergone many challenges and struggle as he attempts to become a good citizen Series of problem sets in the life of Ibrahim. His cousin who was to pick him at the airport fails to do so but this does not worry him a lot. Some hours later Ibrahim meets Diane lovely American woman whom they become friends. Both Ibrahim and Diane check in to Brooklyn hotel, the same hotel which Diane junky boyfriend has moved out to berserk her. Bad luck seems to keep following Ibrahim even in his new country. From his hotel that morning when he wakes up, he is shocked by what he sees and he is disturbed when he strolls that afternoon. Later that evening as Ibrahim returns to the hotel he is arrested by the FBI, interrogate and jailed. He is not permitted to contact by anybody from the outside world and is told that terrorist cannot get lawyers by a government agent who is convinced that Ibrahim’s travel history is tied to the attack. He is then released after six months, which he finds the outside world to be discriminative to the Arabs and Muslims. This is evident durin g his search for work where Arabs were to change their names to be employed (Stein 6). However, Ibrahim meets Diane again, finds a job as English teacher, and tries to live as a good citizen who has positive intentions. On the eve of him getting citizenship, he is notified that he is going to be deported because his name is the same as one

Drama in Raging Bull (1980 film) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Drama in Raging Bull (1980 film) - Essay Example tic and sport films that are deal with the emotional issues that the characters have to undergo in order to achieve their aims or in order to achieve a happy life. The centre of these films is often based on characters that undergo some form of conflict at very important moments in their lives, especially when it seems that they have everything that anybody could want. The aim of these films is to ensure that their audiences are able to have a peek into their own lives and ask themselves some pertinent questions concerning the way that they live. Moreover, these films normally touch on the emotions of ordinary people as they come to view the tragic things which affect people who live similar lives to them (Robà © 71). In most instances, the plot in drama is centred around a tragic event and how the various characters within it come to deal with these events and survive it, achieving redemption. Among the best film performances come from the drama genre and this is mainly because the y allow actors to immerse themselves into their roles so that they can make them as realistic as possible; a feature which other film genres normally cannot achieve. Among the greatest films of the drama genre is 1980’s Raging Bull, which starred Robert De Niro as the boxer Jake La Motta and all the evidence from the film suggests that De Niro paid a lot of attention to the details concerning La Motta’s life so as to be as close to the historical record as possible. The making of Raging Bull seems to pay a lot of attention to the issues concerning realism, history and artistic truth, which are the main ingredients in the making of successful dramas. The way through which the actor perceives his role on screen allows him to make an accurate depiction of the emotions that a real life individual, such a Jake La Motta, experienced. The heart of Raging Bull is based on the ability of De Niro to recreate the life of La Motta in particular moments of his life since this enable his to