Hafford furniture Essay Example for Free

Hafford furniture Essay A Crisis at Hafford Furniture: Cloud Computing Case study MMBA 507 Student ID: 300333323 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION Hafford Furniture was a furniture manufacturer since 1970, supplying to furniture retailers, wholesalers and occasionally one-time bulk purchasers across the United States. Hafford relied on a Business Information System (BIS) to handle all the internal business processes. The BIS was seamlessly connected to a VAN-based EDI system, which served as the customer’s interface for making orders. In 2008, Hafford’s entire IT infrastructure and data storage were destroyed by a massive hurricane. Hafford was able to restore the company data with its disaster recovery plan, but not all its IT function. In March 2009, VP of IT proposed in a management meeting to adopt SaaS cloud solution to restore the IT function. Hafford could access to the same BIS without having to worry about the cost to rebuild another IT data centre. He projected that the IT staff strength could be halved, as the cloud vendor would take care of the management of the software’s platform and its infrastructure. The next day, the president of Hafford ignored the internal decision-making protocol and contracted their disaster recovery vendor, PFI Services for that same cloud service. In January 2010, Hafford was faced with appalling sales report for the year before, mostly caused by bottlenecks in the ordering system supported by PFI. Not only was the cloud capability insufficient, PFI was also filing for bankruptcy and undergoing liquidation. Hafford once again fell into a desperate situation. REVIEW OF KEY ISSUES Management issues Lack of Corporate governance The weak corporate governance in Hafford is especially notable in the fundamental change process. While there was an internal policy for creating a fundamental change in Hafford (Fig 1), Feckle, the President, had ignored it by entering into a cloud contract without consulting any of his top management, just one day after the premature proposal was shared with him. It was extremely risky to make such a significant business decision without sufficient knowledge in the service that he engaged. To make a well-informed decision, Feckle should have adhered to the corporate policy and trusted the IT professionals to evaluate and recommend a suitable vendor. Figure 1 Fundamental change policy 2. Failure to think critically during decision-making It is understood that Hafford used to adopt a VAN-based EDI-system specifically due to its security, despite it being slower and more costly. In Norris’ proposal for using cloud, he altered the company’s priority by pushing for an internet-based EDI-system, without providing solid justification. Questions like â€Å"will the internet-based EDI change the business in any way?† or â€Å"will it compromise customers’ security? † were not asked. The management seemed to have accepted this change too easily, without understanding its impacts. This concern should have been analysed more thoroughly before concluding to transit to an internet-based EDI-system. 3. Poor understanding of business needs The IT obj ective was not fully aligned with the business objectives. For example, in 2009, while the company was expecting a 30-35% increase in sales due to the efforts in a series of product improvements, the IT team was preparing a cloud proposal to the company basing only on the old IT functions. It had missed out on considering how it could support an explosive sales surge. Furthermore, Hafford was switching its VAN-based EDI to an internet-based EDI, which could potentially allow Hafford to widen its reach to attract a new group of SME customers. This could play a part in increasing their sales. However, Hafford did not foresee these changes, likely due to lack of communication between departments within Hafford. IT issues 1. Lack of thorough analysis in cloud computing The IT team failed to conduct due diligence in exploring all possible solutions that could meet its needs. While cloud offered great advantages for the company, it might have been too hasty to consider only private cloud as the final solution. In fact, public, private or hybrid cloud offered different potentials and could achieve the goal within competitive cost as well. The IT team should also have analysed each cloud model against its business needs before determining if software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), infrastructure as a service (IaaS) or a combination of services would work best. 2. Lack of on-going management While cloud is said to be flexible, it demands some level of active management to harness the most of it after implementation. The IT team should be able to react quickly to resolve problems like the order bottleneck or a data lock-in. Besides, the IT team should have been more vigilant in ensuring business continuity for the company. RECOMMENDATION The key failure observed in the case was the lack of understanding in cloud computing and the lack of communication in the company. Like any other business decisions, the management should have exercised prudence by developing clear objectives and analysing the opportunities and threats before arriving at its conclusion. In this section, a recommended methodology to approach Hafford’s IT restoral problem is presented. Step 1. To develop business objectives The most important step is to approach a business problem with a clear business objective. It will be necessary for the management to look at the restoral of the IT centre as a collaborative business problem. Communication within the organisation is crucial in aligning all the stakeholders’ goals. With effective teamwork, the IT will appreciate the business values better and be able to analyse the suitability of various options. Step 2. To compare various viable options The IT team should research on what the available solutions are, before zeroing into a particular infrastructure option. While the restoral of a physical data centre may be expensive, there may be payment structures that could help reduce the impact. On the other hand, cloud computing may appear cheaper but it inextricably exposes users to a range of risks, especially in the aspect of security. Also, there are hybrid options that can minimise risk while offering cost benefit. In short, the IT team should fully understand the merits and shortcomings of the following options before selecting the IT infrastructure. 1. Public cloud 2. Hybrid cloud 3. Private cloud 4. Public cloud – Physical data centre 5. Physical data centre Step 3. To choose the suitable cloud service model There are three common service models in cloud computing. It is important to evaluate each model’s attributes and determine which cloud model would be more suitable for the business needs. 1. Software as a service (SaaS) To understand threats and opportunities of cloud computing Cloud computing offers the following powerful advantages but also opens a gateway to a wide range of threats. 1. Elasticity Usage-based pricing model, charging users only for the capacity used Scalability in terms of network and speed depending on demand 2. Simplicity Setting up and maintaining a data centre can take significant manpower. Cloud computing offers convenient and economical business solutions to clients, while taking advantage of the economy of scale by taking care of one specialised area in bulk. 3. Cost-efficiency No capital cost required. Companies benefit from the transference of risk (of over-provisioning and under-provisioning) of investing in a private data centre. While accepting these benefits from cloud, users should also exercise due diligence by being aware of all the possible problems cloud computing brings. Some of the crucial problems are outlined as follows. 1. Business continuity There is always a risk with placing valuable business information with a single third party. As such, the best way to go about is to even out the risk by employing multiple cloud providers and devising a business continuity strategy should any of them fail. Data lock-in It would be risky for a company to be unable to easily extract their data and programmes from one cloud provider to another due to compatibility issues of the programme and data from one cloud provider. In order to mitigate this risk, SaaS developer could use standardised API so that the business can remain flexible and mobile. 3. Data security While most cloud providers invest a considerable amount of attention on managing security, users should assess the security standards adopted by the cloud provider against their requirements before engaging it. 4. Insufficient capacity Although it is said that cloud is scalable, in rare occasions, businesses may experience traffic surges beyond what their contracted cloud can offer. Hence, it is important to strategize carefully before deciding on the cloud service. Step 5. Choosing the cloud vendor After thorough analysis and establishing a clear description for the cloud service needed, the user will have to evaluate the following factors to arrive at the most suitable vendor. 1. Pricing structure While cloud vendors typically follow a pay-as-you-use pricing model, pricing structure varies. For example, Google AppEngine charges users by the cycles used while AWS charges by the hour for the number of instances the user occupied. 2. Security Users need to look at a cloud service’s physical as well as network security. This refers to the physical location the cloud provider houses its equipment and network security measures like firewall and data encryption. Also, a cloud provider should be compliant to government standards specific to your business. In the case of Hafford Furniture, it was an auditing requirement for Hafford to ensure the cloud vendor is compliant with Statement on Auditing Standard No.70. 3. Other factors A clean record does not promise anything, it would be beneficial to also look at the vendor’s track record against available benchmark systems. Also, it would be helpful to have a vendor that can provide reasonably good service. Hence, it is important to know about the extent of customer support services, the setting up process and the ser vicing response and resolution time. Step 6. Engagement of cloud vendor and getting started During cloud rollout, especially from a different sort of data management, it would be common to face various teething problems. Cloud vendor should try to achieve seamless implementation, and companies might need to prepare their staff and/or customers should it affect their routine jobs significantly. Step 7. On-going active management of the cloud service Internal IT team should be continuously vigilant towards possible threats to ensure that the cloud service adopted by the company is safe and secure. Active backups of data must not be neglected. Also, internal feedback reviews could help the IT team understand the possible difficulties faced by the users, and also stay up to date with the company’s business initiatives.

Computer Crime Essay -- Technology

The introduction of computers in to the modern household has brought with it new moral issues. In the last 10 years computers have become increasingly cheaper to buy, due to huge technological advances and fierce competition, driving prices down. It the wake of the computer revolution the internet has followed quickly, becoming faster, cheaper and more accessible. With these technological advances the world has become increasingly smaller enabling piracy and file sharing to become common practice. Society now has many new issues to work through, from invasion of privacy to the copying of movies and hacking. To define exactly what computer ethics is a difficult task due to it being tied to an evolving technology, the field changes whenever the technology changes. Computer ethics did not truly exist as an ethical discipline until the 1970’s. Walter Maner was the first to use such a term stating it as â€Å"ethical problems aggravated, transformed or created by computer technology† [Maner, 1978]. While new ethical problems have arisen he also stated that old or existing problems have been made worse due to the expansion of information technology. Since then, several people have had different views on what computer ethics actually is. In 1985 Deborah Johnson wrote a book entitled Computer ethics. It defined computer ethics as the study that â€Å"pose new versions of standard moral problems and moral dilemmas, exacerbating the old problems, and forcing us to apply ordinary moral norms in uncharted realms† [Johnson, 1985]. Johnson was similar to that of Maner however; she did not believe computers created new ethical issues. Instead, recommending computers solely altered the existing issues by giving them a â€Å"twist†. The best defini... ...arter Kit in Computer Ethics, Helvetia Press (published in cooperation with the National Information and Resource Center for Teaching Philosophy). [Originally self-published by Maner in 1978.] Moor, James H. (1985) "What Is Computer Ethics?" In Bynum, Terrell Ward, ed. (1985) Computers and Ethics, Blackwell, 266-75. [Published as the October 1985 issue of Metaphilosophy.] Spafford, Eugene, et al. (1989) Computer Viruses: Dealing with Electronic Vandalism and Programmed Threats, ADAPSO. Tavani, Herman T. (1999) "Privacy On-Line," Computers and Society, Vol. 29, No. 4, 11-19. TechWeb. (April 15, 2004) "Average PC plauged with 28 pieces of Spyware" (CMP), Avaliable: http://www.techweb.com/wire/26804582 (Acessed: September 17, 2005) Webster's New Millenniumâ„ ¢ Dictionary of English, Preview Edition (v 0.9.6) Copyright  © 2003-2005 Lexico Publishing Group, LLC

Controlling Pollution Through Taxation And Pollution Licenses Environmental Sciences Essay

It is presently really popular to recommend revenue enhancement and pollution licences as policy step to command pollution. However, both of these attacks bring with them significant troubles and, hence, should non be adopted † . How far do you hold with this statement? Let me get down by giving my ain definition of Environmental Management. Put merely, Environmental Management involves the development of schemes with the ultimate aim of modulating the impact of human activities ( those of industries and persons ) on the environment utilizing scientific discipline, policy and socio economic applications. It focuses on allowing engineering to germinate continuously while guaranting at the same clip that its inauspicious impact on natural ecosystems is increasingly limited or even eliminated ( where possible ) . The cardinal sentence here is â€Å" allowing engineering to germinate while guaranting at the same clip that its inauspicious impact on natural ecosystems is increasingly limited or even eliminated † . The environmental director appreciates the cardinal function that industries and their assorted engineerings play in the development of society and hence is non needfully against industrial activities. But he is besides cognizant of the effects and deduction of some of these engineerings on the environment: pollution. He hence is an advocator of the acceptance of environmentally friendly activities alongside economic and industrial activities. This is my attitude sing the topic of pollution control particularly in industries. The relevancy of this point will go clearer as one proceed in this topic of whether or non policy steps like revenue enhancement and pollution licenses be adopted. Taxs on pollution and pollution licences are pollution control steps which are aimed at industries, houses or companies whose activities pollute the environment. They are economic instruments whose underlining rule is that of cost internalisation, what is now known as the â€Å" Polluter Pays Principle † PPP adopted by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) in 1972 ( Turner, 1992 ) . The basic thought behind this rule is that pollution of the environment has a cost which can be translated to a market monetary value and this cost should be paid for merely like other goods and services. In this instance pollution includes any activity that involves the use or consequences in the debasement of environmental resources. So a production procedure which has for case involved the use or debasement of environmental resources should reflect the cost on the environment in its overall cost. More by and large, the market monetary value of a good or service shoul d include and therefore reflect the cost of that good or service on the environment. By puting monetary value tickets on the environment ( including its waste assimilation capacity ) issues like pollution can be integrated into the economic domain and defilers can be therefore made to internalize the cost for fouling the environment. In kernel, because the external societal costs of environmental pollution are paid by the polluting agent ( industries, in this instance ) this internalizes those outwardnesss into market determinations. As before stated pollution revenue enhancements and pollution licences are economic instruments which follow the Polluter Pays Principle, wherein defilers are made to pay for fouling. In the system of Pollution revenue enhancement which is called a Charge policy, houses are given the freedom to bring forth as much pollution as they want but are required to pay a certain charge per unit of pollution. While the system of Pollution licences besides called movable discharge license, involves belongings rights which consists of a license to breathe pollutants. Each license entitles its holders to breathe as much pollution as is specified in the right. So if for illustration a defiler has bought 20 licenses, the defiler will be entitled to dispatch a upper limit of 20 units of the designated type of wastewater within a defined period of clip. What is alone about pollution licenses is that it is designed to work in a more decentralised manner i.e. the licenses are movable, they can be bough t and sold among participators in the license market, at whatever monetary value is agreed upon by the participants themselves. In both instances defilers are allowed to foul at a certain monetary value. Possibly the first inquiry that would come to mind so is ; how can the cost of pollution be accurately determined? Particularly when you have to see the multiplied and associated effects environmental pollution incidents normally convey? Or sing that different pollutants come with different economical costs? No uncertainty the complex nature and workings of the environment makes happening a monetary value for environmental pollution rather a complicated undertaking. Be that as it may, a sensible attack would be to get at an estimation that considers the cost of redress, compensation costs and other associated costs. Although an empirical appraisal of the harm impacts and their pecuniary equivalents will be far from exact, it will at least give something to work with and this is what the defiler pays rule does. Furthermore in my ain sentiment, the more of import inquiry should be ; how effectual is this rule as a pollution control step? The Pollution of Surface Waters Act ( PSWA ) enacted by the Dutch authorities in 1970, which placed pollution charges on emanations into Dutch waterways is possibly one of the best arrows to the efficaciousness of this attack as a pollution control step ( Field, 2002 ) . The consequence of this policy was that Industry was forced to cut down its one-year organic emanation from 33.0 million PE in 1969 to 8.8 million PE in 1990. Pollution was reduced by 70 % in a infinite of 20 old ages. Quite effectual you will hold. By puting monetary value on pollution which once was free, industry was made to plan engineerings that produced less pollution. No 1 would hold thought that to be possible. The success of this policy-approach in the above mentioned instance is that Industry was motivated to develop better environmentally friendly practises without the governments holding to follow a command-and-control scheme. The Polluter Pays Principle therefore is an economic inducement based attack wh ich can efficaciously actuate industries to come up with better environmentally friendly practises. It acts as an inducement to introduce. With the debut of pollution charges houses will hold the inducement to seek for ways to cut down their pollution emanations, possibly by modifying their production procedure, altering fuel input or adding certain intervention installations. Interestingly economic theories tend to back up this thought in some ways. Economic theoretical accounts suggests that there is an optimal degree of pollution where the fringy cost of cut downing pollution is equal to the fringy cost of the harm caused by such pollution. Puting charges on pollution would at least make an inducement for houses to cut down their pollution to this degree. Figure 1 Cost-Benefit Model ( Turner, 1992 ) The above diagram shows cost and benefits of fouling for a house that has to pay pollution charges per unit pollution, but its activity or production procedure entails production of waste ( pollution ) . Q represents its degree of activity and W represents the attach toing waste ( pollution ) . Qa represents the point below which waste generated can be assimilated by the Earth, therefore doing pollution of impermanent consequence. Any activity beyond Qb will bring forth waste that is beyond the assimilative capacity of the Earth. The Fringy Net Polluting Benefit ( MNPB ) is the benefit derived from altering its degree of activity by one unit while the Marginal External Cost is the value of harm done by the pollution produced alongside the activity. By holding to pay charges on pollution the house will be forced to be given towards Qa as it will non desire to pay so much. But for pollution charges the house would progressively be given towards Qb and likely travel on fouling beyond th e assimilative capacity of the Earth Wb. For optimum operation it has to work at a point of minimal pollution cost and maximal benefit. This is the point where MNPB and MEC meet i.e point X, known as the economic optimal degree of pollution. In kernel therefore the PPP tends to checkmate houses from runing with high pollution degrees. In add-on pollution charges are non based on a zero emanation mark as this is non even executable. Harmonizing to the theoretical account, there are degrees at which pollution is really acceptable. The pollution control policy is determined around this â€Å" socially acceptable † degree and related ambient quality provinces. Puting a general monetary value for all pollution will efficaciously ensue in any mark for the entire burden from all houses being achieved at the lowest possible sum of wastewater costs. The deduction therefore is that it will be possible to accomplish pollution control ( really touchable control since it covers a big spectrum of participants ) utilizing this policy. And in add-on to accomplishing pollution limits the policy tends to counterbalance the public assistance that was lost due to the pollution. Possibly it is of import at this point to observe that pollution every bit far as economic sciences is concerned occurs when physical pollution has res ulted in loss of public assistance. In other words they pay harm costs in add-on to command costs. Lets non bury besides that the policy is a cost allotment rule that raises money for authorities. With this money authorities can advance greenish enterprises or more environmentally friendly engineerings ( and this is really cardinal to long term pollution decrease ) . Firms will by and large be forced to be more cautious in their activities as they know that they will be apt for any injury they might do. So why should n't the policy be adopted? Granted that there are some troubles and disadvantages with the policy but what is the overall cost compared with the overall benefit? There is the statement that portion of the pollution charges are pushed to clients who end up paying. In other words its non wholly the defiler who pays. Well, that ‘s true but we will hold to be reminded that pollution revenue enhancements really returns the market system to the Pareto efficiency so that although few may profit no 1 is worse off. Ordinary revenue enhancement tends to falsify the market and displacements it off from the Pareto solution but pollution revenue enhancement does the antonym. So its bad on one side but good on the other. It is true besides that monetary value may travel up with such policy and this will hold a negative consequence on the hapless but on the other manus that will be a good development for markets with more environmentally friendly merchandises as their merchandises will sell better. That being said I do ubt that competitory force per unit area will let houses to increase monetary value without believing twice. One existent trouble with this policy I will acknowledge is the issue of pollution for which there was no cognition of inauspicious impact at the clip of happening. Bing a pupil of environmental engineering and direction I am cognizant that the consequence of certain actions particularly those that trade with chemicals can take clip to be known. Take for case the instance of CFC ‘s whose inauspicious consequence where merely discovered old ages after their industry. Even the ardent conservationists will hold that it is unjust to keep histrions apt for pollution caused at the clip when injury was non recognized. This I agree is one really cardinal trouble with the policy. Another trouble would be accurate and right designation of the defiler since there can be complications. On the whole I do back up the acceptance of pollution licenses and pollution revenue enhancements where it is deemed executable. There is ground to believe that it is possible to cut down emanations to a degree that is acceptable for the environment. What is required is the motive. Up until late, houses had cultivated an attitude of being less concerned about the impact of their activities on the environment even when and where it was non needfully expensive to be more cautious. Economic instruments like pollution licenses and revenue enhancements will decidedly be utile in commanding pollution by obliging houses to be cautious about their activities.

Reading Culture 5th Edition By Diana George And John Trimbur

The book Reading Culture 8th Edition by Diana George and John Trimbur is a wonderful assemblage of different contexts for critical reading and thinking. As one skims through the first chapter of this book, almost immediately does it intrigue the reader to continue to progress through the argumentative essays, visual illustrations, and notable references one is so familiar with. The authors expressed their several definitions on the word â€Å"culture† and how it was used differently as time passed by. The authors also expressed their thoughts on digital communication and presented arguments from various writers who depict the pros and cons of this new cyber age of connectivity and interactivity. Forty-eight pages of academically- acclaimed arguments, illustrations, and essay examples help the reader understand what culture is and their composition course better. Most Americans are not aware of the many definitions the word culture has had over its course of existence in the English language. Some associate their knowledge of culture with one of Beethoven s classic symphonies or with a beautiful painting by Picasso. These same individuals most often classify their ideal of culture in two classes- high and low culture. As the authors state, â€Å"a cultured person is someone who has achieved a certain level of refinement and Hernandez, J. Page 2/Summary #1 January 29, 2016 What interests one living in the 21st century is how the two terms in which culture is used are ongoing in a

Analysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein - 904 Words

Giving life to an inanimate or deceased body may sound like an old witch tale or plain nonsense. Through Victor Frankenstein’s struggle to create a â€Å"monster,† he revealed something deeper and through curiosity he pushed the limits too far to come back. Some limits are set for a reason, but still the temptation to take one more step remains. Mary Shelley gives the reader an inside look to pertinent and sublime human nature in the novel Frankenstein. Pages of this novel seem to overlap others throughout literatures history. One of the biggest and boldest allusions of this book is not even on a page of the book. The title of the novel is, Frankenstein, but the subtitle is Modern Prometheus. Greek God, Prometheus, has been said to have been the creator of the human race. While helping the humans to develop and learn, Prometheus taught the humans how to use a power that belonged strictly to the Gods. Fire was the power taught to the humans and with this teaching came a price for Prometheus to pay. Another Greek God by the name of Zeus did not approve of the creation of the human race or of the distribution of a Godly power. Zeus then tied Prometheus to a boulder and everyday an eagle would come and eat his liver while at night his liver would grow back. Prometheus had to pay for his creation for all eternity, it pecked and ate away at his innerself. The ultimate sacrifice may not have been death in Prometheus’s case but, it was his last sacrifice. Prometheus pushed his boundsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1411 Words   |  6 PagesIn the early 1800s Mary Shelley set pen to a paper and started to develop a novel that little to her knowledge would become world renowned. In 1818 she finished and published the novel to sell to the European public. 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Scoliosis Is The Curvature Of The Spine, Forming An S Or A...

Scoliosis is the curvature of the spine, forming an s or a c-shape. It affects many people, including myself. Multiple Sclerosis is a â€Å"chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system, in which the myelin that sheathes the nerves is somehow eaten away and scar tissue forms in its place, interrupting the nerves’ signals† (Mairs 261). If not treated properly, both conditions are degenerative. Both conditions do not have a cure, but they do have treatments that are not fully guaranteed to be the ultimate fix. One may wonder how a person with Scoliosis can relate to another with Multiple Sclerosis since they are completely different conditions. Although both Mairs and I suffer from different conditions, we faced similar obstacles that our condition caused. Being pitied based on a condition is a burden to those that are close, such as family and friends. When Mairs’s family helped Mairs with the chores and tried to make her feel as comfortable as a no rmal person, Mairs began to be skeptical that â€Å"they were faking. Tugging at the fringes of [her] consciousness always is the terror that people are kind to [her] only because [she is] a cripple† (Mairs 265). She also added that she â€Å"always suspected them of...professing fondness while silently putting up with [her] because of the way [that she was]. A cripple, [she has] been a little cracked ever since† (Mairs 266). Sometimes I wondered if my relatives and friends pitied me for having Scoliosis. My friends and relativesShow MoreRelatedI Am A University At Grove City High School5627 Words   |  23 Pagesimproving the patient’s standard of living (Bosworth, 2010). Physical therapy is used to keep muscles active and to prevent the painful locking of a joint (â€Å"Muscular Dystrophy.†, 2007). Surgery may be used to combat side effects of weakened muscle, like scoliosis; occupational therapy can help the patient and his family to devise a new life style; and proper nutrition is a key element to maintaining general well-being (â€Å"Muscular Dystrophy.†, 2007). Over time, as the muscles progressively weaken, cardiac andRead MoreEssay about Provide Body Massage5706 Words   |  23 Pagesalso a license for the premises. Your premises can be inspected by environmental health to make sure standard are met. You must Have client consultation cards, Adhere to the Code of ethics, and have suitable lighting, heating and ventilation. c. Why is it important to not discriminate against clients with illnesses and disabilities? As a provider you have a legal responsibility to ensure clients are not discriminated against on the ground’s of disability. You cannot provide a lesser standard

Talpac free essay sample

In no event will Runge Limited be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential damages arising out of the use or inability to use the software or documentation. Runge Limited has a policy of continual improvement to all products and documentation. The information in any documentation is subject to change without notice. Talpac Tutorial Metric, Talpac 10 Release  ©Copyright Runge Limited A. C. N. 010 672 321 Brisbane, Australia, 2007-2008 All Rights Reserved XPAC ®, Autoscheduler ®, TALPAC ®, XERAS ® and DragSim ® are US registered trademarks of Runge Limited and/or associated companies. Formula One and First Impression are registered trademarks of ReportingEngines, a division of Actuate Corporation. Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access and DAO are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the USA and other countries. For further information or additional copies of this documentation contact: Runge Limited G. P. O. Box 2774 Brisbane, Qld 4001 Australia. Ph: Australia (07) 3100 7200 International (+617) 3100 7200 Fax No. (07) 3100 7297 E-mail: [emailprotected] com. au Internet: http://www. runge. com V21052008 Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 3 Tutorial Metric Table of Contents 1. 2. 2. 1. About This Tutorial 6    Background to Worked This tutorial has been written so that users learn how to use TALPAC. The intention is that by following the series of workshops set out in this booklet, you will be able to use TALPAC, and have an appreciation as to the functionality of the program. Each of the workshops sets out a number of key TALPAC concepts, what actually needs to be completed for each workshop and what the results should be at various points. As well, there are questions that should be answered for each workshop. Some of these questions are qualitative, so no numerical answer has been provided. The phrases listed as concepts in each workshop can all be found in the on-line help. In the answers chapter of this booklet there are some answers to specific questions, and screen captures at certain points of the process which will enable you to check your progress. Often these screen captures contain the numeric answer. This tutorial does not cover every feature of TALPAC. However upon completion of this tutorial the user will have the skills required to successfully use TALPAC, and to self-learn the TALPAC facilities not covered here. Firstly it is recommended that you read through an entire workshop before starting it. TALPAC may be used to analyse the performance of existing fleets of equipment or to investigate the application of new equipment fleets in earthmoving and mining operations. In either case, the performance of a single fleet may be examined, or a comparison made of two or more different fleets. Typical TALPAC applications are listed below. Calculation of truck travel time to allow a comparative analysis of haul route alternatives. Estimation of fleet productivities for use in long and short term planning studies. Estimation and comparison of productivities using various loading methodologies to determine the optimum loading technique or loading unit bucket size. Sensitivity analysis in road design criteria to assess the relative importance of road maintenance. Calculation of tyre TKPH or TMPH ratings for use in tyre selection. Estimation of fuel usage. Determination (using discounted cash flow methods) of haulage contract costs and pricing. Truck fleet size optimisation to quantify the effect of over and under trucking. Incremental analyses, in which simulations can be automatically run for a range of haulage segment lengths and the results used to generate productivity curves. Equipment loading analysis to optimise loader bucket size, truck capacity and number of passes. Collation of results from calculations to examine the relationship between variables in the calculation, eg. haul distance versus productivity, haul distance versus truck fleet size. 6 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric 2. Background to Worked Example A contractor has been invited to submit a tender for the removal of waste from an open-cut mine, at 2. million BCM per year. The contractor utilises the following equipment: Caterpillar 992G Front End Loaders (13. 68 tonne payload); and Komatsu HD785-5 Rear Dump Trucks (99. 0 tonne payload). In bidding for the waste removal contract, the contractor must determine how many trucks and loaders are required to meet the production target and the cost of product ion. The contractor is also unsure whether to continue with the same equipment or upgrade to larger equipment. In the workshops of this tutorial we will configure the required TALPAC components so that this analysis can be undertaken.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 7 Tutorial Metric 2. 1. Talpac Overview Key Concepts: Project, Haulage System, Template Technical Description This workshop is to generally discuss how TALPAC works and what the key areas of data input and out put are. The figure below shows how a Haulage System is made up of the unique combination of nominated templates. The templates are where the data is held for the Material, Roster, Loader, Truck and Haul Cycle. So, if you change data in one of the templates, then really you are simulating a different haulage system. In this way many Haul Systems can be stored in the one project. MATERIAL TYPES SHIFT ROSTERS HAULAGE SYSTEMS LOADER TEMPLATES TRUCK TEMPLATES HAUL CYCLES Figure 1 TALPAC Data Structure To set up a haulage system for the waste contract project, you will need to create a new haulage system, in a new TALPAC project. Initially we need to learn how to work with the templates. In later workshops we will begin entering data into these templates. 8 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric Tasks Start up TALPAC. Do this via Start gt; Programs gt; Runge Software gt; TALPAC or by double clicking on the TALPAC icon on your desktop. In the opening dialogue click on the Create a New Project radio button and then click on the OK button. In the Create a New Project screen choose to Create An Empty Project and OK.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 9 Tutorial Metric In the file name box type: Waste Haulage Tutorial and open the file in your working directory. The Project Options dialogue box will then be opened. It is important to enter report titles for your TALPAC project. These titles are entered in the Print Titles tab and appear on all TALPAC output. Normally you would enter appropriate project titles, in this instance please enter the following: In this way you will be able to see what titles are user definable in TALPAC, and which titles are fixed format. Talpac can operate and report using either Imperial or Metric Units. This option is usually set during installation, but it worth checking that the correct option is set before proceeding with the rest of this Tutorial. Select View gt; Customise Talpac†¦ (Affects all Projects) Check that Metric Units is selected. 10 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric Note Note This setting is Program, not Project specific. It will affect all Projects, not just the currently open Project. Changing the Menu Language may require Talpac to be restarted. Identify the five components of the haulage system. In the following workshops you will learn how to set up each of these components to represent a haulage situation. Open the AllParameters sheet and it will show: Technical, Stochastic and Costing information for the loader and truck; Roster and Material information; Cash flow options; and Loading options and Bucket construction options.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 11 Tutorial Metric Open the Loading Analysis sheet and you will get information on material, truck and loader. 12 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric From the Main screen the material, roster, loader and truck templates may be edited. First click with the left mouse on one of the list boxes to get a selection list. To edit one of the templates click on the relevant Edit button. After editing you can either click on OK to save or Cancel to return to the Main screen. Note Note Make sure you understand the difference between adding a new template to a list, and editing an existing template. Click on the Edit Haul Cycle button to open the Haul Cycle window. First, left mouse click on the Haul Cycle button to get a selection list of haul cycles in this project. Then click on any segment of the haul cycle and use either the cursor keys or the mouse to move around the haul cycle. Then right click and you can add, edit or delete segments from the haul cycle. Note the automatic segments. Close the Haul Cycle window. Click in the Haulage System drop down box so that Haulage System-1 is highlighted. Right click with the mouse on the highlighted name and choose Edit. Rename the haulage system to Basic Waste Contract. Now click on the lower portion of the screen so that the haulage system name is no longer highlighted, and then press the Save button on the toolbar. Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 13 Tutorial Metric Questions 1. What is in a TP7 file? 2. What are the 5 components of a haulage system? 3. What is a TALPAC project? 4. Why would you want to print out the ALL PARAMETERS sheet? 5. What are the options available on the right click of the mouse when a template name is highlighted? 6. What types of Haul Segments can be used? 7. Wh at is the difference between adding to a template list, and editing a template? 14 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric 2. 2. The Material Type Key Concepts: Density, Swell, Fill Factor, Production Measurement Technical Description In this workshop, the characteristics of the material being hauled by the contractor will be entered into a template. The characteristics of the waste are described below. The productivity results are to be reported by volume rather than weight. Since we are working in metric units, this will mean that productivities are expressed as bcm/op. hour, bcm/shift and bcm/year. The insitu bank density is the density of the material while it is in the ground. This parameter is used to convert an insitu bank volume to its equivalent weight, and vice versa. The material swell factors are used to convert bank volumes to loose volumes in the loader bucket and the truck tray. Note that both swell factors are based on insitu volume. The loader bucket fill factor is dependent on both the material type and the class of loader. It is the ratio of the loose volume of the material in the loader bucket to the volumetric rated capacity of the loader bucket. The volumetric rated capacity of the loader bucket may be expressed on either a struck or heaped basis. Similarly, the loader bucket fill factor may be expressed on a struck or a heaped basis. The fill factor is selected from a scale in the material template. Tasks Create a new material template for the waste that the contractor is to haul. Click in the Material Template drop down box and then either right mouse click and choose Add off the menu or click on the Add button on the toolbar. Call the new template â€Å"Tutorial Waste†. The waste has an insitu bank density of 2. 2 tonnes/bcm. The swell factors for the waste the contractor is to move are as follows: Swell Factor Bank to Loader Bucket Swell Factor Bank to Truck Tray 1. 20 1. 25 For the contractors loader mining waste, set the loader bucket fill factor to average. This should equate to a factor of 0. 72 on a heaped basis (0. 88 on a struck basis) for a Front End Loader.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 15 Tutorial Metric Questions 1. What is the Loose Density in the loader bucket? 2. How would you use your own site specific fill factors? 3. What else will affect the filling of the bucket 16 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric 2. 3. The Shift Roster Key Concepts: Roster, Delay, Scheduled, Unscheduled, Operating, Non-Operating Technical Description Working and operating hours for the loader and trucks are defined in the shift roster. The weekly shift pattern is specified, and then lost shifts per year and delays within each shift are allocated. These lost shifts and delays are divided into the following categories. Scheduled lost shifts; Unscheduled lost shifts; Non-operating shift delays; and Operating shift delays; The choice of category for a delay depends on mine site work practices. By definition, scheduled delays are those that may be fixed in time, eg. the public holiday on 25th December. Unscheduled delays are delays that you expect, but dont know exactly when they will occur, for example clean-up around the loader area and delays due to wet weather. Operating delays are those delays when the equipments engine is running. Conversely, non-operating delays are those delays when the equipments engine is not running. Tasks Set-up a roster template for the shift roster described below. Call it Tutorial Roster. The contractor operates on two shifts per day, from Monday to Friday. In addition, there is one over-time shift on Saturdays. The only rostered days of the year that are not worked are Christmas Day and Good Friday. The contractor annually allows for ten shifts lost due to industrial action and ten shifts lost as a result of wet weather. Each shift is ten hours long. The following delays occur within each shift: Crib (meal) break Delays either side of crib Delay at start of shift Delay at end of shift Delays for blasting Clean-up around loader 30 minutes 2 x 5 minutes 5 minutes 5 minutes 5 minutes 15 minutes operating operating non-operating operating non-operating operating Refuelling is carried out outside normal production hours.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 17 Tutorial Metric Questions 1. What are the total annual working hours for the loader? 2. What are the total fleet operating shifts for the year? 18 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric 2. 4. Selecting a Loader Key Concepts: Loader database, Distribution, Loader methodology Technical Description The contractor wants to use Caterpillar 992G front end loaders. The characteristics of the loader have been determined from historical data. We need to use this data to correctly define how the loader is to be simulated. Tasks Right click on the list of loaders and choose Add. You will now be looking at the loaders section of the equipment database. Choose Caterpillar from the Manufacturer drop down list. Scroll down through the list of loaders until you find the 992G. Click on the Select button. You will now be back in the loader template. Call this template Contract Cat 992G. The contractors 992 loaders have an expected mechanical availability of 90% and the Bucket Cycle Time takes 35 seconds. Change the Bucket Cycle Time in seconds and the minutes will calculate automatically and vice versa.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 19 Tutorial Metric Click on the Bucket Selection button. The buckets available for the 992 are shown in the drop down list. Examine all the options available, click on the Auto Select button and see what effect it has. When you have finished click on the Restore Defaults button and then click on OK. Click on the Costing Data tab. The capital cost to the contractor of a 992G loader is $1,200,000. The contractor bases its cash flow on a 10% salvage value at the end of the loader life of 25,000 hours or 5 years (whichever occurs first). The loaders are depreciated at a rate of 15% on a straight line basis. The operating cost consists of the following components: Operating Labour Maintenance Labour Lube Tyre Replacement Wear Items Repair Parts Major Overhaul Liquid Fuels $54. 76/op. hr $19. 52/op. hr $3. 79/op. hr $11. 01/op. hr $6. 00/op. hr $45. 00/op. hr $18. 00/op. hr $25. 26/op. hr 20 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric Click on the Distribution Data tab, examine the options available but do not change anything. Click on OK when you are finished. Questions 1. What is the total operating cost per hour? 2. Why can the template name be different to the database equipment name? 3. What does the default bucket payload represent?  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 21 Tutorial Metric 2. 5. Selecting a Truck Key Concepts: Truck Database, Local Characteristics Technical Description Characteristics of the haul trucks in the fleet are stored in the truck template, which is structured in a similar way to the loader template. Our example contractor uses Komatsu HD785-5 rear dump trucks. The characteristics of the trucks are described below. Tasks Right click on the list of Truck Type 1 and choose Add. You will now be looking at the trucks section of the equipment database. Choose Komatsu from the Manufacturer drop down list. Scroll down through the list of trucks until you find the HD785-5. Click on the Select button. You will now be back at the truck template. Call this template Contract 785-5. The contractors trucks are equipped with standard motors and are designed to carry the manufacturers rated payload. The Komatsu HD785-5 trucks have an availability of 85%. 22 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric Operational studies show a spot time at the loader is 24 seconds, dump spot time is 20 seconds and a dump time of 30 seconds. Note: Changing the seconds will mean the minutes are updated automatically and vice versa. Click on the Costing Data tab. The truck capital cost is $850,000. A 10% salvage value at the end of the truck life of 30,000 hours or 6 years is assumed. The trucks depreciate at 25% on a straight-line basis. The operating cost consists of the following components: Operating Labour Maintenance Labour Lube Tyre Replacement Wear Items Repair Parts Major Overhaul Liquid Fuels $46. 37/op. hr $18. 24/op. hr $2. 59/op. hr $10. 91/op. hr $4. 30/op. hr $24. 08/op. hr $10. 75/op. hr $17. 24/op. hr  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 23 Tutorial Metric Click on the Distribution Data tab, examine the options available but do not change anything. Click on OK when you are finished. Set the number of trucks to Auto (not Auto-Max:1), so that TALPAC estimates the number of trucks required to keep the loader busy as follows: Estimated Fleet Size = Truck Cycle Time for Nominal Payload Truck Spot Time ? ? Nominal Truck ? ? ? Loading Time + ? at Loader ? ? Questions 1. What is the total operating cost per hour for the truck? 2. When would you use the different truck types in the same simulation? 24 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric 2. 6. Setting up a Haul Cycle Key Concepts: Segment, Rolling Resistance, Speed Restrictions, Forward and Reverse Segments Technical Description To perform a simulation, TALPAC needs data regarding the haul route. This workshop describes how this data can be converted into to a format required. The loading segments are automatically included at the start of each new haul cycle. Tasks Click on the Edit Haul Cycle button to open the Haul Cycle window. The drawing at the end of the workshop shows a typical haul profile on which the waste contract is based. Conditions to be expected in the mine are listed below: within 50 metres of the shovel and dump point, the truck speed is restricted to 30 km/hr; around corners, trucks should not exceed 30 km/hr; and when traveling down ramps, trucks must not exceed 40 km/hr. Change the name of Haul Cycle 1 to Base Haul Route. Add a new haul segment by clicking row 4 of the haul cycle and then either click on the Add button on the toolbar or by using the right mouse menu. Call the new haul segment Around Loader, the distance will be 50. 0 metres, the maximum speed is 30 km/h and all of the other factors will use the default values. The haul profile should be divided into the appropriate number of segments. The segments may be of any length, but should have a constant grade, rolling resistance and load. Dont forget to include loading, dumping and fixed time segments in the haul cycle and take into account the speed restrictions. Rolling resistance is expressed as a percentage of the component of the gross vehicle weight that is normal to the ground surface. For guidance on rolling resistance values to use, access the table from the rolling resistance column, right mouse click on one of the cells in the Rolling Resistance column and choose Select. We will be using the average conditions for this tutorial, so click in the average column of the row in the table that best describes the current haul segment.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 25 Tutorial Metric When you have added all of the haul segments needed, add the dumping segments. As the haul route for the return journey is the same it is possible to use the Reverse all segments option. Reverse all of the segments. 26 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric Questions 1. When is a new segment required? 2. How many segments are required? 3. What other methods are available for constructing a haul route in TALPAC? 4. What is the benefit of using real names for segment titles? 5. What is the relationship between final and maximum speeds for segments? 200m Corner T of Pit Ramp op = 300 Rl @10 % 400m T of Benc h op = 270 Rl Pit Floor = 260 Rl 00m @0% 100m Corner 200m @10% = gt; Haul Route F i gu re 2 Ha u l C ycle  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 50 m 0m 15 Base of Dump R amp = 300 Rl 5 0m m 50 Dump = 320 Rl 27 Tutorial Metric 2. 7. Production Analysis Key Concepts: Calculation Type, Full Simulation, Stochastic, Excavation Target Technical Description Once the haulage system has been defined it is ready to be analysed. In asse ssing the productive capacity of the system you have the choice of using the quick estimate or the full simulation. The other types of calculations will be discussed later. Quick estimate assumes there is no variability in the truck and loader parameters, and a deterministic analysis is performed. Full simulation takes the variability of truck and loader parameters into account using a stochastic analysis. Parameters that may be varied in the full simulation include loader bucket cycle time, loader bucket payload, truck travel time, truck dumping time and truck availability. The Excavation Target feature allows the user to specify a production target. When an excavation target is specified the Production Summary Report lists how many days/years that it would take to move the specified excavation target. The value for the target is independent on the measurement basis chosen in the material template. Tasks Clicking on the Type of Calculation list box may access Quick Estimate. Select Quick Estimate and either press the F9 key or click on the Calculate button. Similarly, selecting Full Simulation from the Type of Calculation list box and by using the F10 key or to click on the Calculate Results button to access Full Simulation. View the simulation results for each option and compare the differences. View the haul cycle details, the tyres and fuel consumption, and the cash flow screens. View the defined travel time graphs to identify the key segments of the haul cycle. Enter a Excavation Target of 2,500,000 bcm, run a Full Simulation and then view the results at the bottom of the Production Summary Report. Questions 1. Why is it useful to have different calculation types? 2. What is the vertical height difference that the load is being elevated through? 3. Why can you get different results for successive runs? 4. How long does it take to reach the production target? 28 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric 2. 8. Incremental Analysis and Results Tables Key Concepts: Incremental Analysis, Results Tables Technical Description The haul profile used so far is representative of haul routes at the mid-life of the waste contract. In the early years the pit is shallower and in the later years it is deeper. The change in RL and the length of the ramp out of the pit vary as follows: Year 1 2 3 4 5 Length of Pit Ramp 200 metres 300 metres 400 metres 500 metres 600 metres The distance and elevation from the surface to the top of the waste dump do not change. In planning we need to understand how the productivity requirements change for the life of the contract. Also we are interested in seeing the results tabulated in a different format to the standard results. Tasks Based on this information, determine the productivity of the fleet for each year of the contract. Choose the Incremental Analysis button. In the Incremental Analysis window choose the Add button. In the Incremental Item Selection window choose Haul Segment Distance from the Item dropdown list. Choose Pit Ramp segment from the Forward Segment dropdown list. Choose 15: Pit Ramp (rev. ) from the Reverse Segment dropdown list. Set the First Value to 200 metres, the Last Value to 600 metres and the Step Value to 100 metres. Click on OK.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 29 Tutorial Metric If the Incremental Analysis window looks like this, then click on Calculate. 30 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric Examine the information displayed in the Results Table. Note: That the column headed Row 7: Distance: TT1 represents the Pit Ramp length. Try creating your own report by clicking on the Report button and then choosing fields from the left-hand pane. Produce a graph of the ramp length versus the fleet productivity. Highlight the cells in the Results Table you wish to Graph and then chose Graph Selected Runs from the right-click menu. Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 31 Tutorial Metric From the X dropdown list choose Row 7: Distance: TT1 and choose Fleet Production Per Operating Hr from the Y dropdown list. Try choosing Fleet Production Per Operating Hr from the Z dropdown list. What happens if you tick the Group by checkbox? Right mouse click on the graph and choose Chart Designer from the menu. Try changing the chart type to a bar graph. Examine the options available and see what effect it has on your graph. 32 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric Questions 1. What is the key information? 2. How many variables are available for inclusion in the results table? 3. When should you consider purchasing another truck?  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 33 Tutorial Metric 2. 9. Fleet Size Optimisation Key Concepts: Optimisation Analaysis, Marginal Economics Technical Description The optimum number of trucks in a fleet is a balance between productivity and cost. The fleet size optimisation carries out a series of production analyses for a range of truck fleet sizes. The results are summarised in a table displaying the fleet size, the fleet production and the discounted average cost. The results can also be displayed on a graph. The optimum fleet size is that with the lowest unit cost of production. The optimum fleet size will not necessarily have the highest production or provide the required output. Tasks Create a copy of the Base Waste Contract haulage, hit the F2 key and rename it Workshop Fleet Size. Make a copy of the base haul cycle, and call it Workshop Haul. In Workshop Haul, change the pit ramp distance to 2,000 m. Remember to change both the forward and reverse segments of the pit ramp. Configure the rest of this haul system to have the same loader, truck, material and roster templates. Make sure you save this haul system after you have selected the appropriate items. Do a Full Simulation and note the number of trucks. Now determine the optimum number of trucks for the contractors fleet. Choose the Optimisation button. Choose the Fleet Size radio button and then click on OK. Plot a graph of the Fleet size versus the marginal cost. Compare the optimum with the truck match determined in the full simulation in the previously in this workshop. 34 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric Export the Results Table by going to File gt; Export, click on the Browse button and choose a name and location for the file. Make sure the Excel File (. XLS) radio button is chosen and then click on OK. Open up your results file in Excel and examine the data. Questions 1. What is the marginal cost of assigning one more truck than the optimum? 2. Why are the marginal economics important, and not just the average cost? 3. What is the optimum fleet size?  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 35 Tutorial Metric 2. 10. Key Concepts: Fleet Comparison Haulage Systems Technical Description The contractor wishes to investigate the cost benefits of moving to larger equipment for the waste removal contract. A new haulage system is going to be configured for the larger equipment. New truck and loader templates will be created. Tasks Add a new Haulage System, called Workshop Comparison. This will have the Tutorial roster, the tutorial waste, and the Base Haul Route from the Basic Waste Contract haulage system. Create a new template for both the truck and loader, the details of the larger equipment items in which the contractor is interested are as follows: Item Name Type Capacity Availability Capital Salvage Value Life in Years Life in Hours Depreciation type Depreciation Rate Total Operating Cost Shovel Komatsu-Demag H 285 S Hydraulic Shovel 16. cu. m heaped 90% $2,000,000 10% 8 35000 Straight line 15% $222. 73 Truck Dresser 510E Rear Dump Trucks 136. 14 tonne payload 85% $1,300,000 10% 8 35000 Straight line 25% $163. 50 With this equipment each bucket cycle takes 30 seconds. Also for the trucks the spot time at the loader is 30 seconds. The spot time at dump is 30 seconds and the dump t ime is 30 seconds. Use the Total Operating Cost checkbox to enter the operating cost 36 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric Compare the discounted average cost for the equipment fleet above with the equipment fleet used in the previous workshop. In determining the discounted average cost, use the optimum truck fleet size for each option. Questions 1. Which equipment fleet would you recommend the contractor purchase? 2. What factors affect this decision?  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 37 Tutorial Metric 2. 11. Key Concepts: The Equipment Database User Defined Equipment Technical Description The equipment database contains a large range of trucks and loaders used in surface mining operations. The data supplied in the equipment database represents standard equipment and has been verified by the appropriate manufacturer. For equipment that is not in the database or that has been modified, the user is able to set-up their own equipment items. Tasks Access the equipment database from either View gt; Equipment Database or the Equipment Database button on the toolbar. Use the Type, Manufacturer and Class drop down lists to view a truck and a loader to see the data that is stored in the database for each equipment type. Create a user defined equipment item by copying a standard item of equipment to a new name. To copy an item from the standard database to a user database go to Edit gt; Copy Equipment. Rename your copy of the Komatsu HD785-5 to My Mines 785-5. Question 1. What role would User Defined equipment have at your operation? 38 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric 2. 12. Key Concepts: Importing a Haul Cycle Importing a Haul Cycle from a Text File Technical Description In a previous workshop we have created a haul cycle by manually typing in the required details for each segment. In TALPAC you can also import this data directly from a text file. In turn this text file can be automatically generated in another system, such as a design package or a fleet monitoring / dispatch system. The text file import facility in TALPAC can be quite sophisticated, and in this workshop only a small portion of the functionality will be used. For more advanced requirements please refer to the help documentation, or contact Runge. Tasks In the Talpac \Tutorials directory there is a flat text file called â€Å"Test XYZ Space. txt†. Open this file with a text editor and inspect the layout. This file represents the co-ordinates of a haul route. Close the file after inspection. In TALPAC add a new Haul System called â€Å"Workshop Import†. Go to File gt; Import Haul Cycles from a Text File. Click on the Add button and create a new template called Tutorial. Click on the Browse button and find the file Test XYZ Space. txt. Select Space as the Field Delimiter Characters. Leave the First Import Line as 1, and also leave the Comment Character as ! Now click twice on the Next Line button, so that line 3 of the file is shown in the viewer. Set the Import Data Type radio button to X,Y,Z co-ordinates. Enter appropriate field numbers for the entities. That is: X coord Y coord Z coord 2 3 4. All other fields should have a 0 value. This means that you will be accepting the defaults shown for those fields. When complete, select the Reverse all segments setting load to â€Å"Empty† check box, and then click on OK.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 39 Tutorial Metric Inspect the results in TALPAC. Check that the haul cycle Import Test Haul 1 has been imported. Questions 1. Why is the new haul cycle called â€Å"Import Test Haul 1†? 2. How can this feature be used in your situation? 3. How else can the import facility be used? 40 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric 2. 13. Key Concepts: Talpac Options Project Options, Customising TALPAC, Project Management, Feedback, Project Properties Technical Description There are many variables and Options used in TALPAC that are not contained within any of the templates that we have looked at so far. As well there are a number of ways of customising TALPAC and other features of which you should be aware. Tasks Go to File gt; Data File Management†¦. View the information available, click on View the list of Templates and examine the options available. From the toolbar, select Help gt; About Talpac†¦ and select the Send a suggestion link to automatically generate an email for Runge’s support desk with a feedback form included as an attachment. These following items are stored in the View pull-down menu. The main items are: In Project Options there are the following: Travel Options; Loading options; Cost Data options; and Bucket Construction Ratings; In Customise TALPAC the items available are: General Options, Distribution Defaults, Set Colours and Currency Options In Project Management you can see all of the created Haulage systems in this project, create new haulage systems, and run simulations on all of the haul systems. Questions 1. When should you change the options settings? . How can you tell the location of the current user database? 3. How can the project manager interact with mine planning?  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 41 Tutorial Metric 2. 14. Calibrating Talpac 2. 14. 1. Why Calibrate? Talpac is a proven tool for conducting Haul Simulation using the numerous input parameters that impact Truck and Loader fleet performance. Variations in material characteristics, operating conditions, equipment modifications and mine operating procedures can all have an impact on fleet performance. Calibrating Talpac to match actual productivities ensures that the results from the simulations reflect the individual conditions of your operating environment, allowing you to calculate and report with confidence in the results. How to Calibrate 1. Open your Project in Talpac and verify that the correct Haul Cycle, Loading Unit and Truck Types are selected. 2. Click on the All Parameters button in the Talpac Data Entry screen and print out the list of parameters. This print-out lists all of the data being used in your Talpac project whether default values or data that you have entered. . Gather performance data from your mine site for the key parameters. Possible sources of data include: Truck and Loader on-board performance monitors Mine fleet dispatch and monitoring systems Manufacturer supplied specifications for the equipment at your site Pit and dump plans showing elevations along the haul route Time and Motion field studies Production records e. g. truck counts, belt weighto meters, surveyed volumes. 4. Run some test simulations and compare the results to real-world performance data from your site. Ideally the performance data will be for a whole shift for a particular haulage system (otherwise a few repetitive timings of a particular haulage system can be used). Adjust the model as necessary to ensure that the Talpac results are in line with actual performance data. Some of the common adjustments that you might make are: User Equipment If equipment specifications are significantly different to the data in the Talpac database, create User Equipment in Talpac with the actual specifications and performance curves. Truck Travel Time Compare measured travel times segment by segment with those in the Haul Cycle Report Vary the rolling resistances in the Haul Cycle Vary the Travel Time Correction Factor Truck Cycle Time Set calculation mode to Quick Estimate (rather than Full Simulation) to eliminate variability in parameters during calibration Check Truck queuing and loading time (and number of Trucks) Check Truck spotting time and First Bucket Pass Delay 42 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric Truck Productivity Vary the non-operating shift delays and operating shift delays (Roster Template) to achieve the actual working hours Set Truck Availability to 100% for the calibration exercise Loader Productivity Ensure that the Number of Passes to Fill Truck reflect actual data 5. Re-calibrate at frequent intervals. Points to consider Here are a few points to consider when gathering the calibration data for your site: Material Characteristics What is the In Situ Bulk Density and how is it measured? What swell factors are included in the data In Situ into the Bucket; In Situ into the Truck? How well does the Loader dig? What is the Bucket Fill Factor? Seasonal variations in Material characteristics (e. g. Wet Weather, Snow) Is there carryback of sticky material in the empty Trucks? Working Roster What are the site values for Hours/Shifts/Day for each day of the week? What are the site values for lost days per year (e. g. Weather, Industrial, Public Holidays)? Are there Delays that do not occur every shift (e. g. Blasting, equipment relocation, power outages)? What is the average operating time per shift (operator in the equipment, equipment in operating condition)? What are the average operating delays per shift (e. g. Loader waiting for dozer clean-up, moving large rocks)? Equipment Physicals What equipment models are being used on the calibration haul? Do they differ from the Manufacturers Handbook Specifications, and if so, what are the revised specifications (and the performance curves, if relevant)? Note: Changing tyre size or engine power or gear ratio requires a revised set of truck performance curves. Was all equipment purchased at the same time (differences in Operating life will result in variations in performance)? Has the equipment been maintained in accordance with the Manufacturers recommended Maintenance Schedule (poorly maintained Trucks may not perform in accordance with the Manufacturers performance curves)?  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 43 Tutorial Metric Haul Route What are the segment distances and grades? What operating conditions may affect equipment performance? Do seasonal variations affect the Haul Route and Truck performance (e. g. Wet Weather, Fog, Snow, Dust Storms)? What speed restrictions apply (e. g. for safety, tyre heating management)? What is the productivity of the Truck drivers? Real World Performance Data Truck Actual Haul Profile and Speed Limits Best estimate of rolling resistance for each haul segment Actual number of Trucks assigned to the Loader Actual Truck travel times (empty loaded) for each segment of the actual profile, including Truck loading, spotting, dumping and queuing times Actual Truck payload and empty Truck weight Loader Loading regime (single sided or double sided) Actual number of Loader passes to fill Truck Actual time waiting for Trucks First pass bucket delay Fleet Actual number of working hours per shift Actual probability distributions for Truck travel time, Truck dumping time, Truck availability, bucket payload and bucket cycle time Representative Real World Performance Data Fleet performance on a particular haulage system can vary over time due to several factors, including: weather conditions diggability at the loader face (blast performance) haul road conditions Truck driver performance Loader operator performance condition of the equipment traffic density (night shift versus day shift) the number of Trucks assigned to the Loader. Most users build one Talpac model for their site, so real world performance data (for calibrating Talpac) is ideally representative of the long term averages of the variables mentioned above. 44 Tutorial  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial 45 Tutorial Metric 3. Answers WORKSHOP 1: TALPAC Overview 1. What is in a TP7 file? The TP7 file is the data file stored in your working directory that contains all of the data and settings for the current project. 2. What are the 5 components of a haulage system? Material, Roster, Loader, Truck and Haul Cycle. 3. What is a TALPAC project? A TALPAC project is the collection of saved Haulage Systems that are in the same TP7 file. 4. Why would you want to print out the ALL PARAMETERS sheet? For reference and auditing. For example it is useful to print this file to have as a backup of the important TALPAC configuration settings. This is haulage system specific. 5. What are the options available on the right click of the mouse when a template name is highlighted? 6. What types of Haul Segments can be used? 7. What is the difference between adding to a template list, and editing a template? Editing a template overwrites the data that already existed in the template. Adding a new template to the list means that a new template is created, and so all the original templates still remain. 46 Answers  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 2: THE MATERIAL TYPE 1. What is the Loose Density in the loader bucket? 1. 83 t/m3 (See the figure below) 2. How would you use your own site specific fill factors? Change the Global variables table. 3. What else will affect the filling of the bucket? Fragmentation, operator experience, weather conditions, visibility, bucket geometry.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Answers 47 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 3: THE SHIFT ROSTER 1. What are the total annual working hours for the loader? 4099 (See the figure below) 2. What are the total fleet operating shifts for the year? 464 (See the figure below) 48 Answers  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 4: SELECTING A LOADER 1. What is the total Operating cost per hour? The total operating cost for each loader is $183. 34/operating hour. 2. Why can the template name be different to the database equipment name? You may want to model variations of the same basic equipment. 3. What does the default bucket payload represent? The amount of material that is actually in the bucket, not the bucket capacity.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Answers 49 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 5: SELECTING A TRUCK 1. What is the total operating cost per hour for the truck? The total operating cost for each truck is $134. 48/operating hour. 2. When would you use the different truck types in the same simulation? If you were simulating a fleet that had more than one type of truck. 50 Answers  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 6: SETTING-UP A HAUL CYCLE 1. When is a new segment required? Whenever there is a change to the conditions which control velocity. Thus gradient, rolling resistance and Speed restrictions. 2. How many segments are required? See the figure below. 3. What other methods are available for constructing a haul route in TALPAC? Importing data from a text file. 4. What is the benefit of using real names for segment titles? So the user can visualise, and hence validate, the haul cycle data. 5. What is the relationship between final and maximum speeds for segments? If a certain segment has a maximum speed, then the preceding segment should have the same speed set as the final speed for it. Otherwise the truck may enter the next segment at an excessive speed.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Answers 51 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 7: PRODUCTION ANALYSIS 1. Why is it useful to have different calculation types? Mine planning requires different scenarios and options to be investigated. This means that different functionality is required. As well this is useful to calibrate the model in Quick estimate (deterministic) mode first. 2. What is the vertical height difference that the load is being elevated through? 60m. 3. Why can you get different results in successive runs? Due to the stochastic distributions used in simulation. 4. How long does it take to reach the production target? approx. 1. 06 Years 52 Answers  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 8: INCREMENTAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS TABLE 1. What is the key information? Key Information is what you need to see, and so depends on the purpose of the simulation. In this instance, cost, time, productivity, fleet size and length of haul would be key. 2. How many variables are available for inclusion in the results table? 250. 3. When should you consider purchasing another truck? In year 3. But what else should be considered? Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Answers 53 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 9: FLEET SIZE OPTIMIZATION 1. What is the marginal cost of assigning one more truck than the optimum? $2. 97 / bcm. 2. Why are the marginal economics important, and not just the average cost? Average costs disguise the impact of individ ual truck assignment. 3. What is the optimum fleet size? The run with the lowest fleet discount cost. 54 Answers  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 10: FLEET COMPARISON 1. Which equipment fleet would you recommend the contractor purchase? The larger fleet is the pure cost choice, but is this correct? 2. What factors affect this decision? Cost of capital, changes to working hours, flexibility of contract.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Answers 55 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 11: THE EQUIPMENT DATABASE 1. What role would User Defined equipment have at your operation? You can set up the specifications for the Truck and Loader which exactly match your configuration, rather than relying on the standard data. 56 Answers  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 12: IMPORTING A HAUL CYCLE 1. Why is the new haul cycle called â€Å"Import Test Haul 1†? Set by the variable on line 2 of the import file. Otherwise it will be imported and called the same as the import file name. 2. How can this feature be used in your situation? Eg From the mine design package a string can be digitised which represents the haul route. This string can then be exported to a text file as a series of X,Y, Z points. From there it can be imported directly into TALPAC. 3. How else can the import facility be used? To import complete Haul Systems.  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Answers 57 Tutorial Metric WORKSHOP 13: TALPAC OPTIONS 1. When should you change the options settings? Only after consideration of what they are doing. It is also suggested that if these are changed, then make sure that changes are properly recorded. The ALL PARAMETERS print outs, and user defined reports in the Results Tables are two good ways of doing this. 2. How can the project manager interact with mine planning? Can make the analysis of multiple simulations easier and more straight forward. 3. How can you tell the location of the current user database? Under View gt; Project Properties the location and name of the current user database is shown. 58 Answers  © Runge Limited 2005 – 2008 Tutorial Metric 4. Talpac Commands 4. 1. Embedded Buttons View Project Options View All Parameters View Loading Analysis View Project Manager Optimisation Calculation Incremental Analysis Calculate Full Simulation or Quick Estimate Edit Haulage System Edit Material Template Edit Loader Template Edit Roster Template Edit Truck Template