The Importance of Writing-Sample Essays on Egyptian Hieroglyphs

The Importance of Writing-Sample Essays on Egyptian HieroglyphsYour writing sample, and the one you use to give the lectures that will guide you in taking up your Ph.D., should contain an essay on Egyptian hieroglyphics. This is the class where your master's program is located, as well as the general topic on ancient hieroglyphics for that particular program. By reading this article, you are now equipped with the information you need to write a successful sample essay on Egyptian hieroglyphics.Egyptian hieroglyphs refer to their use as writing instruments in Egypt, and as well as what they can convey in both written and spoken form. Today, they are used in a multitude of ways by people in many parts of the world, including for hieroglyphic inscriptions, meaning that they have been used for at least three thousand years. Nowadays, they are written with letters in a way that makes them difficult to decipher. The hieroglyphs also make these inscriptions look less organic and more artifi cial, and they even change over time.Hieroglyphs make it hard for someone to see how the letters are arranged when they are written. The Egyptian hieroglyphs are also used as a way to make a record of some historical event, and in the process, they actually tell the story. These stories have often been passed down by word of mouth or written down. There are different kinds of hieroglyphs, some of which depict animalistic scenes and others that depict human things.Because of the hieroglyphs' pictorial representation, they are sometimes regarded as being too long to be read. However, the way in which they are arranged allows the eye to be able to easily follow the arrangement of the letters. A good example is a section that would be referred to as 'w'. On this section, the fourth row of the hieroglyphs would be repeated three times; in most cases, the fourth row is the first row.In fact, the area commonly referred to as the 'w' section of the hieroglyphs, the section between the first and second row, was named the 'amarna,' which translates to 'bull's skin.' In modern day Egypt, this part of the hieroglyphs, which is called the w section, is used for animal sacrifice, and it is supposed to be too long to be read. However, since the sections are repeated three times, there are still 3-letter combinations that make up the phrase, 'the bull's skin' and that make it easier to understand.Unfortunately, while some people say that the ancient Egyptians had the ability to write in hieroglyphs, they did not really understand the glyphs that well, and so they used them mostly for worship. When it comes to ancient Egyptian literature, they were mostly literary documents, and the words they used did not have any real meaning. It was only during the New Kingdom period that the hieroglyphs started to be used as actual words.The introduction of the hieroglyphs into Egyptian literature is another important aspect of the hieroglyphs. The writings were used as a way to send messa ges back and forth, as well as a way to determine the frequency of weather in different areas of the country. There is another reason that the hieroglyphs were used as a method of communication, and that is their connection to funerals, especially in the New Kingdom.As you continue your work toward completing your Ph.D., writing samples of your writing and referencing the Egyptian hieroglyphs is an essential part of your preparation. You should keep in mind that the sample essays you will be using for reference will be the same ones you will be presenting when you give your lectures, and as such, you should have some knowledge of their layout and general structure before you begin writing. Make sure to check out our online sample essay on Egyptian hieroglyphs for help.

Metropolitan Community College Essays - Education,

Metropolitan Community College English 1010 Syllabus - 2017/SS COURSE IDENTIFICATION Title: English Composition I Prefix/Section: ENGL 1010 WK, WW Credit Hours: 4.5 Begins/Ends: June 6- August 15, 2017 Census Date: June 19, 2017 Withdrawal Date: August 1, 2017 Class Location: Online through Blackboard at http://blackboard.mccneb.edu/ . Students enrolled in online and hybrid classes are required to check and use MCC Student Email ( https://portal.microsoftonline.com ) for all official course correspondence. To ensure the instructor receives and can promptly respond to emails, students should compose and send messages from within the Blackboard course. CONTACT INFORMATION Instructor Name: Tim Riley Office Location: N//A but can meet by appointment Office Telephone: cell phone 402-981-5377 * Although you may leave voice messages with clear questions/concerns at this number, I will respond via email to your MCC account. Office Hours: N/A but can meet by appointment Email Address: [emailprotected] Students enrolled in online and hybrid classes are required to check and use MCC Student Email ( https://portal.microsoftonline.com )for all official course correspondence. To ensure the instructor receives and can promptly respond to emails, students should compose and send messages from within the Blackboard course. Academic Area: English, English as a Second Language, and Reading COURSE INFORMATION COURSE DESCRIPTION : Students develop rhetorical knowledge; practice critical reading, thinking, and writing; and use a writing process to draft, revise, and edit texts in a variety of genres with an emphasis on thesis-driven essays. COURSE PREREQUISITES : 1000-Level Writing Assessment Test Score or English 0960; 1000-Level Reading Assessment Test Score or RDLS 0100. MINIMUM TECHNICAL SKILLS: In the online setting, students should also be able to do the following: use MCC Student Email with attachments save files to and retrieve from a local drive save files in commonly used word processing program formats copy and paste identify and use a compatible web browser identify and install necessary updates install and use course-specific software programs COURSE OBJECTIVES : Upon completion of this course, students will be able to: Exhibit rhetorical knowledge Think, read, and write critically Use a writing process Exhibit knowledge of conventions REQUIRED SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS : Required Textbook: Writing Today, 3rd ed. , by Johnson-Sheehan and Paine *FULL EDITION is required - do not buy the short/brief edition as it does not have all of the readings* Supplementary Materials: Computer disk or other back up storage device College dictionary and thesaurus Microsoft Word highly encouraged Textbooks and other print materials can be purchased through the campus bookstores and online ( www.efollet.com ). COMPUTER REQUIREMENTS : The computer you use for MCC online courses must be able to run one of the Blackboard-compatible web browsers listed on the Browser Support Page: http://www.mccneb.edu/online/browsers.asp . SOFTWARE/FILE SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS : Metropolitan Community College uses Microsoft products as part of its standard software and encourages students to do the same. You may save word-processed documents for file attachments in Microsoft Word .doc or . docx format. If your software does not allow either of these, then save files in Rich Text Format (.rtf). CLASS STRUCTURE : Online courses are equivalent to traditionally taught college courses and meet the same criteria for academic rigor and qualified faculty. Students complete the course by reading the text, completing online assignments and communicating with instructors via discussion, assignments, and e-mail. Students also will interact with other students through the use of Blackboard's Discussion tools. In the first few days of class, students should familiarize themselves with how the Blackboard system works and how to navigate through the class. Students can find tutorials explaining how to use the Blackboard system on the Blackboard homepage. To learn how to navigate through this course, a good place to begin is the 'Start Here' document in the 'Lessons' link on the left side of course screen. Information about course objectives, instructor and student expectations, assignments, grading scale, etc. is located in the course syllabus. Students should read through the syllabus thoroughly and email their instructor with any questions they have. Students should use the links on the left side of the course screen to locate the course Lessons', taking particular note of the syllabus, lecture sections, drop boxes, discussion boards, calendar, and communication links. When working through each week's Module,

Opening Ceremony Company

Opening Ceremony Company Channel Overview Opening Ceremony is a specialty store located in West Hollywood. The channel type that I chose is the physical (brick and mortar) specialty store. The West Hollywood store is a shop that deals in fashion, art, and traveling products.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Opening Ceremony Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The store has also cleverly rolled out a traditional client interaction strategy as part of its business channel. This element revolves around investing money by offering unique and diverse products to customers who buy in the store. In addition, the Opening Ceremony’s customers have better offers due to consistent and attractive discount. The store has always aspired to provide quality products and services to customers. The store currently offers direct sales to its consumers within admirable standards of flexibility. Apparently, the success of the physical specialty s tore channel forms the rationale for this research. This channel has been customized to ensure that clients are served within the most reliable and efficient methods. The success of the channel could be attributed to its partnerships and quality assurance to its diverse customer segments. I am interested in this type of store because of the unique merchandise categories it carries. Besides, I want to run a store like this in the future. Background of Opening Ceremony in West Hollywood The Opening Ceremony store was founded in New York by UC Berkeley graduates Carol Lim and Humberto in the year 2002 as a joint partnership venture. After a trip to Hong Kong, the dynamic duo decided to start the company through the integration of the Olympic Games mission statement, which is to adopt a multinational strategy to their retail business. The company is renowned for retailing household and emerging fashion designs. The designs range from known brands to small brands that are emerging in the domestic and international market. The Opening Ceremony has branches in New York (headquarters), Los Angeles, Tokyo, and London. Each year, the store in West Hollywood, Los Angeles has activities that showcase the originality and quality of merchandises form different countries across the world as a result of it strong partnership approach in market expansion. As a result, the specialist store has been able to proactively transform the Los Angeles store into an open and expansive market for international capacity and exotic souvenirs.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Over the years, the company has been consistent in growth within its business mission â€Å"of exploration and friendship, working with a family of contributors to forge a creative environment that reaches far beyond the fashion world† (Opening Ceremony par 3).  Among the collaborating br ands that have made the Opening Ceremony to expand its scope of operations include â€Å"Rodarte, Topshop, Pendleton, and Maison Martin Margiela† (Opening Ceremony par 3). The most renowned projects that are carried out by the Los Angeles store include â€Å"Spike Jonze, Terence Koh, and Chloà « Sevigny† (Opening Ceremony par 4). As a result of the consistent growth over the years, the store in West Hollywood has become very popular with customers within the age of 15 and 40 years. Customer Service Philosophy and Programs The store operates from 8.00 am to 8.00pm every day. The most notable CRM strategy adopted by the Opening Ceremony is the contact management since it provides a decision support system to select the best market access on suitability, distribution structure, and integration of contact channels among the customers. The contact management system in the store takes the form of Debit card services and a 12-hour call center to connect to their customers (f rom 8.00am to 8.00pm) (Opening Ceremony par 3). This system is constantly upgraded through value –added services. Keeping these channels restricted has helped the store to boost customer confidence in keeping their particulars safe. In order to guarantee customer satisfaction, the Opening Ceremony’s contact management system is built using standard operating procedures to promote consistency in processing customer orders and all other channels. The more the consistency, the more the information that can be shared amongst various channels creating more business resources to be used in customer service delivery. For instance, the Opening Ceremony’s call center has been successful in addressing client concerns in a timely and professional way (Best Buy, par. 5).  Opening Ceremony has employed the laggard activism strategy to not only capture the global market, but also leapfrog its dominant competitors. The store operates on the Customer-to-Customer (C2C) platfor m and Business-to-Business (B2B) platforms. As a result, the Opening Ceremony has penetrated the fashion market due to a balance in factors such as the Western business style, global business approach, and flexible business channel. In order to penetrate the expanding market, Opening Ceremony’s business platform includes services such as premium customer experience, compact support from the local community, and low charges for loyal customer.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Opening Ceremony Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the Customer-to-Customer platform adopted by Opening Ceremony has created and successfully implemented the marketing strategy to ensure customer loyalty and market expansion. The company’s product multi-branding as a positioning strategy has enabled it to survive competition. For instance, the direct shopping is tailed to address the individual customer nee ds. Besides, the company has managed to balance the elements of intangibility, inseparability, and heterogeneity in the 4Ps of its market mix due to improved product visibility for each target customer segment (Rai 23).  The goal of these CRM strategies at the Opening Ceremony is to concentrate on the local market through use of an open-system business model. The strategy was meant to take advantage of the challenge of ‘smallness’ as compared to other giant specialty stores offering similar products. The store depends on the closed-system approach in execution of its business strategies. Unlike other stores which developed a fixed entry strategy in the market that was characterized by overconfidence and inertia, the Opening Ceremony was packaged as a humble and flexible fashion products trading platform (Opening Ceremony par 5). The Opening Ceremony store has made the shopping experience an easy task with its strategy of all-under-one-roof, from renowned designer prod ucts to upcoming designer products. A customer is in a position to literally find all types of fashion products within a single location. This saves on time besides allowing a customer to plan for a single shopping activity that covers for all his or her needs. To support this mission, the store has one of the most attractive reward plans for its loyal customers in the form of shopping points that are redeemable, seasonal discounts, and annual rewards. For instance, the store has special promotions and discounts on holidays such as Christmas Day, Thanksgiving Day, Independence Day, Black Friday, and spring sale. In addition, the store has special vouchers that target corporate organizations and private customers. The offers are in the form of price, quality, and quantity. The store has a 24 hour return policy for goods sold as long as the product is returned in its previous condition (Opening Ceremony par 7). In summary, the Opening Ceremony has the best CRM strategies since they ar e incorporated in the offline customer management systems. For instance, adoption of the hybrid system of customer service management by the Opening Ceremony is meant to ensure direct contact with customers within the shortest time possible. The hybrid system is very successful in contact management and positive attitude reassurance at the store.Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Employee Relations, Philosophy and Programs In the Opening Ceremony store, there is a laid down structure formulated in order to keep its staff in healthy and stable mind in their duty of serving the store’s interest. A stable mind performs optimally with little or no supervision. In line with this, store always work alongside its staff to promote healthy working habits by recognizing and where necessary supporting staff that make a steady commitment in practicing accepted desirable healthy habits in their work department. At the Opening Ceremony store, programs are periodically designed in line with objectives and goals for sustained happy employee-employer relationship. The methods used at the Opening Ceremony include direct participation by the employees, who after interaction with each other identify hale and hearty workplace interventions, and promotion of health organization culture through different training programs (Opening Ceremony par 8). The Opening Ceremony store has attractive employer paid benefits that offer health cover, mileage, work compensation, retirement, and disability among others. The compensation plan for the Opening Ceremony inspires optimal performance through job satisfaction since the total annual compensation and different benefits are relatively attractive. Besides, the store has a continuous 401k retirement plan for employees. Each year, employees are given the opportunity to buy 1% of the Opening Ceremony stocks at a discount of 10%. The actual hourly salary for the sales associates is $50, besides a comprehensive medical cover and annual salary increment of 5% of the previous year salary (Opening Ceremony par 9). The corporate governance structure of the Opening Ceremony store has a strong system for promoting the elements such as culture, structure, systems, and strategic alignment among the employees. The compensation plan for the Opening Ceremony store are aligned to a supportive work environment, concrete learning processes, and personal development that reinforce competency. The company has annual promotion plan and continuous employee training program. The promotion is based on performance and academic qualifications. The training program is in-house and is managed by the HRM department (Opening Ceremony par 6). Employee selection at the Opening Ceremony is focused to evaluate resumes of applicants for essential requirements which in this case include possession of management and analytical skills in fashion design environment. In this case, the process is systematic, and through aptitude test, elimination of those lacking analytical skills is possible within minimal prejudice or biasness. In the Opening Ceremony store, social and highly skilled employees are allocated the right duties than keeping them in a secluded environment (Opening Ceremony par 4). Conclusion Apparently, the store has the strengths of strong brand presence, expansive distribution channel, diverse product multi-brandin g, and strong customer base within the specialty channel. However, there is strong competition from similar stores such as Satine, Boutique, Madison, and Kitson. Besides, the store operates in a dynamic market where changed customer preference may negatively affect its profitability. Rai, Alok. Customer Relationship Management: Concepts and Cases, London, UK: Kogan Page, 2012. Print. Opening Ceremony. About Us. 03 Dec. 2014. Web.

Independence of auditing in all engagement activities Essay

Independence of auditing in all engagement activities - Essay Example The factors that influence an auditor to present an unwarranted unqualified opinion includes threats or intimidations as well as the external auditor's self -interest. The auditor's sole responsibility is to issue an opinion on the fairness of the financial statement assertions. Without exception, all external auditors should not allow their independence to be affected by his or her own interests. International Auditing Standards requires that all external auditors should only continue on an audit engagement if they feel that their self interests affects their independence. Independence mean not only independence in fact but also go hand in hand with independence through appearance. The auditing Standards on independence rule requires that the external auditor must not have any material self interest in the clients. An auditor has self interest if the auditor, the auditor's spouse and children are owners of shares of stocks in the audit client's business. The Companies Act of 1948 is the legal framework for external auditors to follow in terms of independence (Power 1997, 17). Clearly, many auditors will not allow their independence to be affected by self -interests . In addition, all external auditors must not allow their independence to be influenced by self - review. The auditor is must consider if self -review will affect his independence in the performance of his or her audit programs. An auditor who is a relative of the audit client is definitely not independent. An auditor that has a loan arrangement with the audit client that is material in nature is not independent of the audit client. Clearly, it is mandatory that all external auditors will not allow their independence to be affected by self - review. Further, all external auditors must not permit their independence to be influenced by advocacy. The auditor's membership in an organization that he is auditing is definitely not being independent in terms of auditing a client. The Code of Ethics for external auditors requires that the external auditor must not be a current membership in an organization if he or she intends to audit such organisation. Any sign that creates a climate of doubt as the external auditors not complying with the auditing standard of being independent both in fact and in appearance should cause the external auditor to give up the client immediately. Definitely, all external auditors should not allow their independence to be affected by advocacy.Furthermore, all external auditors must not permit their independence to be affected by familiarity. It is normal that many external auditors use lesser time to finish their audit assignments for many of their former audit clients. The repeat auditors will just focus t heir repeat audit on items that are interent risks like cash and small inventories. Also, a repeat auditor knows that company has a strong or weak internal control. Thus, internal control verification time is lessened. One advantage for repeat auditors is that these external auditors already know a lot of the company's basic financial ins and outs in terms of presentation of the balance sheet, income statement and statement of cash flows. However, the auditor must still scan and do test audits on low value and less audit risk accounts like buildings and factory machines. The external auditor must complete each repeat audit engagement with a prior client as if, it was a new audit. The only difference with the repeat

Analyzing Jobs at Custom Carpet Cleaning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyzing Jobs at Custom Carpet Cleaning - Essay Example The four aspects that the Job analysis should cover are: a) what job the employee does. b) The process followed by the employee to accomplish the task. c) The area of operation handled by the employee. d) The qualification of the employee, which involves the skills, knowledge and abilities requisite (Franklin, p.2). In the case given the approach applied by Bob to conduct a Job analysis is very pragmatic yet not very complete. Bob has decided to conduct a survey in all the outlets of the Custom Carpet Cleaning to get clarity regarding the jobs carried out by all the outlets. Bob is conducting this survey to understand the reason behind the discrepancies in the salary structure amongst the different outlets of the company. The company has two kind of services one specifically for the residential clients and the other specifically for industrial clients. The survey conducted by Bob will have one respondent from each outlet. This will help Bob to understand the variation in the tasks carried out in different outlets. This survey will give Bob a schematic overview regarding the difference in the operations carried out by the various outlets. Bob will understand the difference in the approach, skills and responsibility of all the employees posted for the same post but at different outlets. The posts available at various outlets require employees with different set of skills and approach. The machinery used and the methodology applied by the employees to complete their task also depends on the kind of job assigned to them. A job analysis will let Bob segregate the jobs which though have similar designation yet vary in the terms of the responsibility carried out by the employees. Bob will be able to sketch out the different job descriptions depending on the specific requirements. He will be able to allocate the salary structure depending on the job description and skills required. However the method applied by Bob is not complete as he will be surveying only one employee from each outlet. Within the same outlet the approach and the responsibilities may differ and Bob should consider surveying a larger sample from each outlet. 2. What can be done to improve this job analysis process? Ans 2. The method applied by Bob to conduct the job analysis can be improved by increasing the num ber of respondents surveyed by Bob. Bob must first utilize the online research done by him and divide the various jobs carried out by the employees. From each outlet at least 10% of the employees should be selected as respondents for the purpose of the survey. Bob should also select the employees who are being given more than the usual salary slab. The employees who are being given less than usual pay should also be included in the survey. To make the survey more accurate the supervisors should also be handed out a questionnaire. The questionnaire given to all the supervisors should have questions regarding the various job profiles in their respective branches. The supervisors should be asked to fill information regarding the various job profiles in their outlet along with the skills and knowledge required for each profile. The questionnaire formulated for the supervisors should also have questions regarding the various techniques applied in the various job profiles. By including mo re employees and supervisors in the survey Bob will be able to get a more accurate picture regarding the different job profiles present in different outlets. Since the purpose of Bob’

Hafford furniture Essay Example for Free

Hafford furniture Essay A Crisis at Hafford Furniture: Cloud Computing Case study MMBA 507 Student ID: 300333323 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION Hafford Furniture was a furniture manufacturer since 1970, supplying to furniture retailers, wholesalers and occasionally one-time bulk purchasers across the United States. Hafford relied on a Business Information System (BIS) to handle all the internal business processes. The BIS was seamlessly connected to a VAN-based EDI system, which served as the customer’s interface for making orders. In 2008, Hafford’s entire IT infrastructure and data storage were destroyed by a massive hurricane. Hafford was able to restore the company data with its disaster recovery plan, but not all its IT function. In March 2009, VP of IT proposed in a management meeting to adopt SaaS cloud solution to restore the IT function. Hafford could access to the same BIS without having to worry about the cost to rebuild another IT data centre. He projected that the IT staff strength could be halved, as the cloud vendor would take care of the management of the software’s platform and its infrastructure. The next day, the president of Hafford ignored the internal decision-making protocol and contracted their disaster recovery vendor, PFI Services for that same cloud service. In January 2010, Hafford was faced with appalling sales report for the year before, mostly caused by bottlenecks in the ordering system supported by PFI. Not only was the cloud capability insufficient, PFI was also filing for bankruptcy and undergoing liquidation. Hafford once again fell into a desperate situation. REVIEW OF KEY ISSUES Management issues Lack of Corporate governance The weak corporate governance in Hafford is especially notable in the fundamental change process. While there was an internal policy for creating a fundamental change in Hafford (Fig 1), Feckle, the President, had ignored it by entering into a cloud contract without consulting any of his top management, just one day after the premature proposal was shared with him. It was extremely risky to make such a significant business decision without sufficient knowledge in the service that he engaged. To make a well-informed decision, Feckle should have adhered to the corporate policy and trusted the IT professionals to evaluate and recommend a suitable vendor. Figure 1 Fundamental change policy 2. Failure to think critically during decision-making It is understood that Hafford used to adopt a VAN-based EDI-system specifically due to its security, despite it being slower and more costly. In Norris’ proposal for using cloud, he altered the company’s priority by pushing for an internet-based EDI-system, without providing solid justification. Questions like â€Å"will the internet-based EDI change the business in any way?† or â€Å"will it compromise customers’ security? † were not asked. The management seemed to have accepted this change too easily, without understanding its impacts. This concern should have been analysed more thoroughly before concluding to transit to an internet-based EDI-system. 3. Poor understanding of business needs The IT obj ective was not fully aligned with the business objectives. For example, in 2009, while the company was expecting a 30-35% increase in sales due to the efforts in a series of product improvements, the IT team was preparing a cloud proposal to the company basing only on the old IT functions. It had missed out on considering how it could support an explosive sales surge. Furthermore, Hafford was switching its VAN-based EDI to an internet-based EDI, which could potentially allow Hafford to widen its reach to attract a new group of SME customers. This could play a part in increasing their sales. However, Hafford did not foresee these changes, likely due to lack of communication between departments within Hafford. IT issues 1. Lack of thorough analysis in cloud computing The IT team failed to conduct due diligence in exploring all possible solutions that could meet its needs. While cloud offered great advantages for the company, it might have been too hasty to consider only private cloud as the final solution. In fact, public, private or hybrid cloud offered different potentials and could achieve the goal within competitive cost as well. The IT team should also have analysed each cloud model against its business needs before determining if software as a service (SaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), infrastructure as a service (IaaS) or a combination of services would work best. 2. Lack of on-going management While cloud is said to be flexible, it demands some level of active management to harness the most of it after implementation. The IT team should be able to react quickly to resolve problems like the order bottleneck or a data lock-in. Besides, the IT team should have been more vigilant in ensuring business continuity for the company. RECOMMENDATION The key failure observed in the case was the lack of understanding in cloud computing and the lack of communication in the company. Like any other business decisions, the management should have exercised prudence by developing clear objectives and analysing the opportunities and threats before arriving at its conclusion. In this section, a recommended methodology to approach Hafford’s IT restoral problem is presented. Step 1. To develop business objectives The most important step is to approach a business problem with a clear business objective. It will be necessary for the management to look at the restoral of the IT centre as a collaborative business problem. Communication within the organisation is crucial in aligning all the stakeholders’ goals. With effective teamwork, the IT will appreciate the business values better and be able to analyse the suitability of various options. Step 2. To compare various viable options The IT team should research on what the available solutions are, before zeroing into a particular infrastructure option. While the restoral of a physical data centre may be expensive, there may be payment structures that could help reduce the impact. On the other hand, cloud computing may appear cheaper but it inextricably exposes users to a range of risks, especially in the aspect of security. Also, there are hybrid options that can minimise risk while offering cost benefit. In short, the IT team should fully understand the merits and shortcomings of the following options before selecting the IT infrastructure. 1. Public cloud 2. Hybrid cloud 3. Private cloud 4. Public cloud – Physical data centre 5. Physical data centre Step 3. To choose the suitable cloud service model There are three common service models in cloud computing. It is important to evaluate each model’s attributes and determine which cloud model would be more suitable for the business needs. 1. Software as a service (SaaS) To understand threats and opportunities of cloud computing Cloud computing offers the following powerful advantages but also opens a gateway to a wide range of threats. 1. Elasticity Usage-based pricing model, charging users only for the capacity used Scalability in terms of network and speed depending on demand 2. Simplicity Setting up and maintaining a data centre can take significant manpower. Cloud computing offers convenient and economical business solutions to clients, while taking advantage of the economy of scale by taking care of one specialised area in bulk. 3. Cost-efficiency No capital cost required. Companies benefit from the transference of risk (of over-provisioning and under-provisioning) of investing in a private data centre. While accepting these benefits from cloud, users should also exercise due diligence by being aware of all the possible problems cloud computing brings. Some of the crucial problems are outlined as follows. 1. Business continuity There is always a risk with placing valuable business information with a single third party. As such, the best way to go about is to even out the risk by employing multiple cloud providers and devising a business continuity strategy should any of them fail. Data lock-in It would be risky for a company to be unable to easily extract their data and programmes from one cloud provider to another due to compatibility issues of the programme and data from one cloud provider. In order to mitigate this risk, SaaS developer could use standardised API so that the business can remain flexible and mobile. 3. Data security While most cloud providers invest a considerable amount of attention on managing security, users should assess the security standards adopted by the cloud provider against their requirements before engaging it. 4. Insufficient capacity Although it is said that cloud is scalable, in rare occasions, businesses may experience traffic surges beyond what their contracted cloud can offer. Hence, it is important to strategize carefully before deciding on the cloud service. Step 5. Choosing the cloud vendor After thorough analysis and establishing a clear description for the cloud service needed, the user will have to evaluate the following factors to arrive at the most suitable vendor. 1. Pricing structure While cloud vendors typically follow a pay-as-you-use pricing model, pricing structure varies. For example, Google AppEngine charges users by the cycles used while AWS charges by the hour for the number of instances the user occupied. 2. Security Users need to look at a cloud service’s physical as well as network security. This refers to the physical location the cloud provider houses its equipment and network security measures like firewall and data encryption. Also, a cloud provider should be compliant to government standards specific to your business. In the case of Hafford Furniture, it was an auditing requirement for Hafford to ensure the cloud vendor is compliant with Statement on Auditing Standard No.70. 3. Other factors A clean record does not promise anything, it would be beneficial to also look at the vendor’s track record against available benchmark systems. Also, it would be helpful to have a vendor that can provide reasonably good service. Hence, it is important to know about the extent of customer support services, the setting up process and the ser vicing response and resolution time. Step 6. Engagement of cloud vendor and getting started During cloud rollout, especially from a different sort of data management, it would be common to face various teething problems. Cloud vendor should try to achieve seamless implementation, and companies might need to prepare their staff and/or customers should it affect their routine jobs significantly. Step 7. On-going active management of the cloud service Internal IT team should be continuously vigilant towards possible threats to ensure that the cloud service adopted by the company is safe and secure. Active backups of data must not be neglected. Also, internal feedback reviews could help the IT team understand the possible difficulties faced by the users, and also stay up to date with the company’s business initiatives.

Computer Crime Essay -- Technology

The introduction of computers in to the modern household has brought with it new moral issues. In the last 10 years computers have become increasingly cheaper to buy, due to huge technological advances and fierce competition, driving prices down. It the wake of the computer revolution the internet has followed quickly, becoming faster, cheaper and more accessible. With these technological advances the world has become increasingly smaller enabling piracy and file sharing to become common practice. Society now has many new issues to work through, from invasion of privacy to the copying of movies and hacking. To define exactly what computer ethics is a difficult task due to it being tied to an evolving technology, the field changes whenever the technology changes. Computer ethics did not truly exist as an ethical discipline until the 1970’s. Walter Maner was the first to use such a term stating it as â€Å"ethical problems aggravated, transformed or created by computer technology† [Maner, 1978]. While new ethical problems have arisen he also stated that old or existing problems have been made worse due to the expansion of information technology. Since then, several people have had different views on what computer ethics actually is. In 1985 Deborah Johnson wrote a book entitled Computer ethics. It defined computer ethics as the study that â€Å"pose new versions of standard moral problems and moral dilemmas, exacerbating the old problems, and forcing us to apply ordinary moral norms in uncharted realms† [Johnson, 1985]. Johnson was similar to that of Maner however; she did not believe computers created new ethical issues. Instead, recommending computers solely altered the existing issues by giving them a â€Å"twist†. The best defini... ...arter Kit in Computer Ethics, Helvetia Press (published in cooperation with the National Information and Resource Center for Teaching Philosophy). [Originally self-published by Maner in 1978.] Moor, James H. (1985) "What Is Computer Ethics?" In Bynum, Terrell Ward, ed. (1985) Computers and Ethics, Blackwell, 266-75. [Published as the October 1985 issue of Metaphilosophy.] Spafford, Eugene, et al. (1989) Computer Viruses: Dealing with Electronic Vandalism and Programmed Threats, ADAPSO. Tavani, Herman T. (1999) "Privacy On-Line," Computers and Society, Vol. 29, No. 4, 11-19. TechWeb. (April 15, 2004) "Average PC plauged with 28 pieces of Spyware" (CMP), Avaliable: http://www.techweb.com/wire/26804582 (Acessed: September 17, 2005) Webster's New Millenniumâ„ ¢ Dictionary of English, Preview Edition (v 0.9.6) Copyright  © 2003-2005 Lexico Publishing Group, LLC